Property:Describe processes
From CSDMS
This is a property of type Text.
S
Any type of turbidity (or gravity) currents could be modeled with this code. I also use it for modeling internal bores. +
C
As a crevasse splay evolves, the slope of its outflow should be no less than the slope of lower channel; and the bottom elevation of a crevasse splay should be no lower than the elevation of lowest point of channel bed, so the bottom elevation of the lowest point that a crevasse splay is able to cut down is max(hs, Zcsb).
A ratio of Q above the bottom of crevasse splay can be distributed to outflow of crevasse splay. After flow parameters for the outflow of crevasse splay are calculated, the erosion (deposition) rate of crevasse splay can be calculated, thus the morphology of crevasse splay can be updated.
When the crevasse splay has not yet cut down to the lowest point max(hs,Zcsb), it can be both widened and deepened. When the crevasse splay has cut down to the lowest point max(hs,Zcsb), it can only be widened or silted vertically. +
L
As of autumn 2013, the library of process components includes the following:
- diffusion (for conductive heat transport, soil transport over terrain, or other applications of diffusion theory)
- single-direction flow routing over topography
- detachment-limited stream erosion
- solar radiation input as a function of topography, latitude, and time
- evapotranspiration
- soil-moisture dynamics
- stochastic storm generation
- stochastic wildfire generation
- impact cratering
- overland flow / flood inundation +
B
BIT Model takes into consideration five different processes:
* reworking of the beach profile. The model assumes that the wave action reworks the beach profile towards an equilibrium configuration described by the Dean's equation;
* inner-shelf sediment redistribution, which is the redistribution of sediments beyond the beach toe determined by the bottom shear stresses produced by wind waves;
* overwas, which is the erosion of sediment along the beach profile and its corresponding deposition on the top of the barrier island or in the back-barrier area. Overwash is related to storm surges produced bt extreme atmospheric events;
* lagoonal deposition, which is the deposition of fine sediments in the accomodation space between the barrier island and the mainland;
* aeolian sediment reworking, which represents the wind action on the subaerial part of the island. +
C
Basic processes include runoff generation, water erosion and sediment transport, and gravitational erosion and sediment transport. Depending on the application, the user can apply a vegetation-growth module, various tectonic functions, and other options. +
B
Basin and Landscape Dynamics (Badlands) is a parallel TIN-based landscape evolution model, built to simulate topography development at various space and time scales. The model is presently capable of simulating hillslope processes (linear diffusion), fluvial incision ('modified' SPL: erosion/transport/deposition), spatially and temporally varying geodynamic (horizontal + vertical displacements) and climatic forces which can be used to simulate changes in base level, as well as effects of climate changes or sea-level fluctuations. +
C
Bay, marsh, and forest evolution on a coastline. Simulates marsh edge erosion, bay depth changes with wind waves, and marsh migration into coastal forests, and the carbon processes associated with these changes. +
S
Bed boundary layer for pure current, combined current and waves, and pure waves.
Transport of non-cohesive sediment.
Erosion, transport and deposition of cohesive sediment. +
R
Bed-material sediment transport and storage on a river network. +
M
Bedrock fluvial incision (shear stress or sediment flux dependency).
Mass wasting (creep and threshold-limited).
Bedload sediment transport & deposition in streams, fans, deltas.
Impact cratering, aeolian deposition, lava flows.
Flow routing with evaporation from depressions. +
H
O
Bottom orbital velocity is calculated from surface wave conditions using linear wave theory. A spectral approach is used. If input wave data are just wave height and period, a spectrum is estimated based on those as described in Wiberg and Sherwood 2008. Several spectral representations are available, and spectra can be estimated based on wind speed if surface wave conditions are unknown. +
C
CAM treats radiative transfer, tidal forcing from Saturn, a planetary boundary layer and surface interaction, thermal conduction in the soil and chemistry. The CARMA part of the code does the aerosol microphysics involving emission, coagulation and sedimentation. +
F
Calculate water depth from a flood extent polygon (e.g. from remote sensing analysis) based on an underlying DEM.
Program procedure:
1. Flood extent polygon to polyline
2. Polyline to Raster - DEM extent and resolution (Env)
3. Con - DEM values to Raster
4. Focal Statistics loop
5. Water depth calculation - difference between Focal Statistics output and DEM +
S
Centerline migration, Floodplain sediment, and channel profile evolution, depending upon choices in the parameter input files, as detailed in the model documentation. +
A
Channel migration and avulsion building stratigrpahy +
Channel planform geometry +
B
Cliff failure and retreat; hillslope evolution; river erosion; block release, transport, and weathering. +
W
Climate generation (CLIGEN), infiltration, percolation, evapotranspiration, plant growth, residue management and decomposition, runoff, hydralics of overland flow, soil detachment by raindrop impact and shallow flow (interrill), soil detachment by excess flow shear stress (rill, channel), sediment transport, sediment deposition, irrigation, winter processes (snow melt, frost, thaw), channel erosion processes, sedimentation in impoundments. +
C
I
Computation of drainage area, which, for a particular cell, is the sum of cells that drain through that cell. +
R
Computes wave refraction and diffraction processes over an arbitrary bathymetry constrained only to have mild bottom slopes. +
S
H
DEM resampling;
Depression filling;
Flow direction;
Flow accumulation; +
G
Discretizes a watershed into sub-catchments (for surface water) and a MODFLOW grid (for groundwater), and then uses these fundamental units to build input files for and execute GSFLOW and visualize it. +
L
Disturbance-driven soil creep (or other processes that can be represented by 2D diffusion). +
D
Erosion, transport and deposition of sediments (terrestrial -> deep-marine). Carbonate production. Complex tectonics (growth faults, salt deformation). +
W
Evolution of wind wave spectra under influence of wind, breaking, nonlinear interactions, bottom interaction (including shoalng and refraction), currents, water level changes and ice concentrsations. No diffraction. +
B
Explores ecogeomorphic couplings between adjacent and non-adjacent components of the entire coastal barrier system, from the ocean shoreface to the mainland forest. Processes include: Dune growth and storm erosion; storm overwash; shoreline change (ocean and back-barrier); dynamic shoreface response to sea-level rise, overwash, and dune growth; horizontal and vertical marsh dynamics; bay depth changes with wind waves; marsh migration into coastal forests; sediment exchange between barrier-marsh-bay-forest ecosystems; and carbon processes associated with ecogeomorphic changes. +
A
Extract c and alpha from:
Slope=cArea^alpha
For more details:
Cohen, S., G. Willgoose, and G. Hancock (2008), A methodology for calculating the spatial distribution of the area-slope equation and the hypsometric integral within a catchment, J. Geophys. Res., 113, F03027, doi:10.1029/2007JF000820. +
T
B
A
Fluvial erosion and depositions, lateral deposition across the floodplain, plume deposition in marine domain. +
C
Fluvial erosion, deposition and sedimentation, hillslope (diffusion) processes, flexure, orography +
E
Fluvial sediment entrainment and deposition +
S
Fluvial sediment erosion and deposition, fluvial bedrock erosion, the bedrock cover effect. +
P
Flux routing and sediment transport for the formation of river deltas. Resolves channel bifurcations, avulsion and migration. Can simulate subsidence (default basin-like shape, modify the Python code to customize). Can store stratigraphy (as sand fraction and thickness). +
C
For forward time integration, the simplest possible scheme, first-order forward Euler, is employed. +
B
Free surface flow of water. Conservation of heat, salinity, mass, turbulent kinetic energy, dissipation. +
S
Free surface, generalized s coordinate model. Classical representation of oceanic processes (tides, wind circulation, density driven circulation ...). Coupling with sediment transport and biogeochemistry +
G
Free-surface flow including wave action
Clastic erosion, transport, deposition
Compaction (load-based, vertical porous flow, full 3D porous flow)
Rudimentary carbonate growth +
GENESIS was designed to describe long-term trends of the beach plan shape in the course of its approach to an equilibrium form. The shoreline change model best calculates shoreline movement in transition from one equilibrium state to another. This change is usually caused by a notable pertubation, for example, jetty construction at a harbor or inlet, or placement of beach nourishment material. +
GSFLOW simulates flow within and among three regions. The first region is bounded on top by the plant canopy and on the bottom by the lower limit of the soil zone; the second region consists of all streams and lakes; and the third region is the subsurface zone beneath the soil zone. PRMS is used to simulate hydrologic responses in the first region and MODFLOW-2005 is used to simulate hydrologic processes in the second and third regions. +
W
General circulation model of early Earth. Particular detail is paid to chemistry, RT, and haze microphysics +
G
Groundwater flow and seepage +
T
H
HSPF assumes that the "Stanford Watershed Model" hydrologic model is
appropriate for the area being modeled. Further, the instream model assumes
the receiving water body is well-mixed with width and depth and is thus
limited to well-mixed rivers and reservoirs. Application of this methodology
generally requires a team effort because of its comprehensive nature. +
L
Heat conduction in permafrost, lake ice growth-decay, permafrost subsidence due to excess ice +
M
H
Hydrologic processes:
Precipitation, infiltration, evapotranspiration, overland flow, saturation-excess runoff, groundwater flow
Geomorphic processes:
Baselevel lowering, weathering, hillslope processes, erosion, sediment transport +
C
Hydrology: Spatially variable TOPMODEL
2d Hydrodynamic flow model: Using the Lisflood-FP (Bates et al., 2010) method
Fluvial erosion and deposition over 9 different grainsizes - through 10 active layers
Lateral erosion: Based on radius of curvature
Slope processes: Landslides and soil creep
Sand Dunes: Ability to couple sand dune sub model with fluvial processes. +
I
S
I
ILAMB takes a set of observational data encoded as CF-compliant netCDF files, extracts commensurate quantities from historical model results (ideally compliant with CMOR), and then subjects them to a gauntlet of statistical measures examining aspects of performance such as bias, RMSE, phase, interannual variability, and spatial distribution. This results in a hierarchical set of webpages which display and controls the flow of information. +
W
In WOFOST, crop growth is simulated on the basis of eco-physiological processes. The major processes are phenological development, light interception, CO2-assimilation, transpiration, respiration, partitioning of assimilates to the various organs, and dry matter formation. Further, the interaction with the soil is included in relation to soil moisture availability and (in more recent version) also soil N/P/K availability.
Potential and water-limited growth is simulated dynamically, with a time step of one day. Nutrient-limited production is calculated either statically based on the QUEFTS approach (on the basis of soil characteristics and the water-limited production output) or dynamically using nutrient demand/supply at daily time steps. +
L
Incision of a transport-limited river in an alluvial substrate. Initial geometry is that of a steep channel with sediment transport capacity exceeding that of the input flux from upstream.
The river randomly migrates left or right and needs to evacuate sediments mined from its bed and from the valley walls.
Product of wall erosion not evacuated by the river are deposited as taluses at the foot of the walls. +
W
It simulates rainfall runoff process as random storm events that fall on the initial topographic surface and flow downhill following steepest descent. +
K
Kudryavtsev's parametrization treats a permafrost environment as a system of individual layers, each with their own thermal properties.
Air, snow, vegetation, soil each are separate layers and their thermal (insulatory effects) are quantified from layer thickness, their heat capacity and conductivity. +
D
Lagrangian particle transport. See also: https://passah2o.github.io/dorado/background/index.html +
V
Land Cover and Soil Snow Model
Meteorology (Inputs, Distributed Precip, and Snow/Elevation Bands)
Frozen Soil (including Permafrost)
Dynamic Lake/Wetland Model (new to 4.1.1)
Flow Routing +
C
Linearized RANS
Aeolian sediment transport
Shear stress reduction by vegetation
Plant growth (exponential relaxation) +
M
MARSSIM is a grid based, iterative framework that incorporates selectable modules, including: 1) flow routing, optionally including event-driven flow and evaporation from lakes in depression as a function of relative aridity (Matsubara et al., 2011). Runoff can be spatially uniform or variably distributed. Stream channel morphology (width and depth) is parameterized as a function of effective discharge; 2) bedrock weathering, following Equation 1; 3) spatially variable bedrock resistance to weathering and fluvial erosion, including 3-D stratigraphy and surficial coherent crusts; 4) erosion of bedrock channels using either a stream power relationship (Howard, 1994) or sediment load scour (Sklar and Dietrich, 2004; Chatanantavet and Parker, 2009); 5) sediment routing in alluvial channels including suspended/wash load and a single size of bedload. An optional sediment transport model simulates transport of multiple grain sizes of bedload with sorting and abrasion (Howard et al., 2016); 6) geometric impact cratering modeling optionally using a database of martian fresh crater morphology; 7) vapor sublimation from or condensation on the land surface, with options for rate control by the interaction between incident radiation, reflected light, and local topography; 8) mass wasting utilizing either the Howard (1994) or the Roering et al. (1999, 2001a) rate law. Bedrock can be optionally weathered and mass wasted assuming a critical slope angle steeper than the critical gradient for regolith-mantled slopes. Mass wasted debris is instantaneously routed across exposed bedrock, and the debris flux can be specified to erode the bedrock; 9) groundwater flow using the assumption of hydrostatic pressures and shallow flow relative to cell dimensions. Both recharge and seepage to the surface are modeled. Seepage discharge can be modeled to transport sediment (seepage erosion) or to weather exposed bedrock (groundwater sapping); 10) deep-seated mass flows using either Glen's law or Bingham rheology using a hydrostatic stress assumption; 11) eolian deposition and erosion in which the rate is determined by local topography; 12) lava flow and deposition from one or multiple vents. These model components vary in degree to which they are based on established theory or utilize heuristic
MODFLOW 6 presently contains two types of hydrologic models, the Groundwater Flow (GWF) Model and the Groundwater Transport (GWT) Model. The GWF Model for MODFLOW 6 is based on a generalized control-volume finite-difference (CVFD) approach in which a cell can be hydraulically connected to any number of surrounding cells. Users can define the model grid using
1. a regular MODFLOW grid consisting of layers, rows, and columns,
2. a layered grid defined by (x, y) vertex pairs, or
3. a general unstructured grid based on concepts developed for MODFLOW-USG.
For complex problems involving water-table conditions, an optional Newton-Raphson formulation, based on the formulations in MODFLOW-NWT and MODFLOW-USG, can be activated. The GWF Model is divided into "packages," as was done in previous MODFLOW versions. A package is the part of the model that deals with a single aspect of simulation. Packages included with the GWF Model include
- those related to internal calculations of groundwater flow (discretization, initial conditions, hydraulic conductance, and storage),
- stress packages (constant heads, wells, recharge, rivers, general head boundaries, drains, and evapotranspiration), and
- advanced stress packages (streamflow routing, lakes, multi-aquifer wells, and unsaturated zone flow).
An additional package is also available for moving water available in one package into the individual features of the advanced stress packages. The GWF Model also has packages for obtaining and controlling output from the model.
The GWT model for MODFLOW 6 simulates three-dimensional transport of a single solute species in flowing groundwater. The GWT Model solves the solute transport equation using numerical methods and a generalized CVFD approach, which can be used with regular MODFLOW grids or with unstructured grids. The GWT Model is designed to work with most of the new capabilities released with the GWF Model, including the Newton flow formulation, unstructured grids, advanced packages, and the movement of water between packages. The GWF and GWT Models operate simultaneously during a MODFLOW 6 simulation to represent coupled groundwater flow and solute transport. The GWT Model can also run separately from a GWF Model by reading the heads and flows saved by a previously run GWF Model. The GWT model is also capable of working with the flows from another groundwater flow model, as long as the flows from that model can be written in the correct form to flow and head files.
G
Main purpose of the model is to calculate subsurface temperature profile, active layer depth and freeze-up day. +
S
Many 2D flow situation with simple boundary conditions (ie no inflow or outflow). suitable for lock/exchange simulation of gravity/turbidity currents or to study stability properties of stratified flow. +
W
Marsh boundary erosion by waves
Marsh boundary progradation by accumulating sediments
Mudflat sediment erosion/deposition by wind waves
Sediment exchange between mudflat and open ocean
Sediment exchange between mudflat and marsh platform
Organogenic sediment production on marsh platform +
B
Mass flux per unit width, dry mass of grains moving over the unit bed area, calculates the suspendable amount present in the moving bed +
T
Modeled processes include:
*Channelized flow (kinematic, diffusive or dynamic wave, all 1D and D8-based)
*Overland flow
*Snowmelt (degree-day or energy balance)
*Icemelt (from valley glaciers using GC2D)
*Meteorology (including precipitation, air temperature, shortwave and longwave radiation, etc.)
*Evaporation (Priestley-Taylor or energy balance)
*Infiltration (Green-Ampt, Smith-Parlange or Richards' 1D, multi-layer), *Shallow subsurface flow (Darcy, up to 6 layers)
*Flow diversions (sinks, sources or canals) +
S
G
Natural, agricultural, atmospheric, and direct human (sewage and P detergents) inputs; effect of hydrological functioning; generalized loss of nutrients in soils and groundwater; loss in rivers, reservoirs, and through consumptive water withdrawals (irrigation). +
N
NearCoM predicts surface waves and wave-induced nearshore processes such as nearshore circulation, sediment transport and morphological changes. +
S
O
None, the module analyses strata produced by all depositional processes +
None. Code tests for the presence of order in strata that could arise from allocyclic or autocyclic processes +
G
Note: See also the GEOMBEST++Seagrass Users Guide, section 4
Seagrass wave attenuation and bay depth effects
Equilibrium profile & barrier transgression
Sea level rise
Back-barrier deposition
Marsh expansion/contraction
Marsh wave erosion +
M
Organic accretion
Inorganic accretion (function of elevation and distance from channels)
Pond formation
Pond expansion
Pond deepening
Pond drainage
Bank slumping (soil diffusion)
Subsidence due to ditches +
1
Overall, the module simulates a particle-based model of hillslope evolution in 1D.
The module contains several scripts and functions, the most important of which are the following.
(1) zrp.m is the script wherein the parameters are set and from which the following functions are called.
(2) init_x.m is the function which generates an initial profile for the hillslope.
(3) make_moves.m is the function which samples the probabilistic dynamics.
(4) calc_rates.m is the function which determines the rates at which the particles are moving.
In addition to these, there are the following.
(5) perturb.m is the function which implements the hillslope perturbation and is called by the main script.
(6) calc_flux.m and calc_fluxes.m are the functions which infer fluxes along the hillslope. +
O
Physical transport: Advection, Dispersion, Inflow, Transient Storage, and Settling.
Chemistry: Precipitation/Dissolution, Sorption/Desorption, Oxidation/Reduction, aqueous complexation, and acid-base reactions +
G
Please have a look at: http://www.slideshare.net/GEOFRAMEcafe/geotop-2008?type=powerpoint. +
C
Population ecology represented by diffuse competition Lotke-Volterra calculus, cellular automaton, cellular stochastic models.
Sediment transport arbitrated by slopes and wave energy pickup
Bioerosion scaled to the seafloor presence of skeletal material +
D
Precipitation enters the snowpack, if present, and is then available as snowmelt, depending mainly on air temperature and solar radiation. Snowmelt and rainfall partly infiltrate infiltrate into the soil and partly run off directly to surface storage, depending upon the moisture content of the soil. Infiltration is high if the soil is dry, and surface runoff is high if the soil is saturated. Soil moisture evaporates or is transpired by vegetation, depending on the types of vegetation, the season, solar radiation, air temperature, humidity, and wind speed. The remainder percolates into deeper basin storages that feed surface storage through interflows and groundwater flows. Generally, these supplies are high if the soil and groundwater storages are large. Finally, there is a flow into surface storage from the upstream cell, which is routed, along with all the other flows into surface storage, through the cell into the next downstream cell. +
H
Precipitation is generated by a climate routine within the model. Snow accumulation and melt,glacier growth and ablation, surface runoff, and groundwater evaporation, retention and recharge.
Long and short term sediment discharge is solved by an empirical relation. +
T
Priestley-Taylor method of estimating losses due to evaporation +
F
Process:
# carbonate productivity and deposition
# winnowing
# reef development
# carbonate depositional facies
Model determines these through five deterministic and fuzzy steps:
# data input
# data fuzzification
# fuzzy rule analysis
# aggregation of results
# defuzzification +
P
Processes like:
*Saturated subsurface flow.
*Variably-saturated subsurface flow.
*Integrated overland flow.
*Land-energy budget.
*Shallow heat transport.
*Bio-geochemistry (plant/water interactions).
*Correlated, Gaussian random field generators. +
C
Processes represented by CREST are: Canopy interception, excess rain and infiltration water, runoff, evapotranspiration +
G
Processes represented:
''Note: See also the GEOMBEST+ Users Guide'', section 4<br>
'''4.1 Equilibrium profile'''<br>
'''4.2: Sea Level Change'''<br>
'''4.3: Initial Morphology/Stratigraphy'''<br>
'''4.4: Depth-Dependant Shoreface Response Rate'''<br>
'''4.5: Backbarrier Deposition'''<br>
'''4.6: Bay and Marsh Infilling'''<br> +
S
Processes:
# Wave properties derived from wind speed, wind angle and equations that describe a "fully-developed" sea state.
# Longshore sediment transport as modeled by the CERC or Kamphuis formulas.
# Conservation of mass for sediment.
# Simple methods to model cross-shore sediment transport. +
G
Processes:
*Rainfall: gage with nearest neighbor or inverse distance-squared weighting, radar.
*Interception: empirical model.
*Infiltration: Green & Ampt, Green & Ampt with redistribution, three-layer Green & Ampt, or Richard's equation.
*Overland runoff: 2-D finite volume diffusive wave with overland flow dykes and pothole lakes.
*Channel routing: 1-D dendritic finite-volume diffusive wave with culverts, on-channel lakes, rule curves, rating curves, scheduled releases.
*Groundwater: 2-D finite-difference with wells and various boundary conditions.
*Overland erosion: three alternative source equations, raindrop impact, erosion limits, deposition, arbitrary size classes.
*Channel sediment transport: advection-diffusion for fines, stream power for sands.
*Fate and transport of conservative and non-conservative
constituents in soil, overland, and channels +
R
ROMS resolved fast (gravity waves) and slow (Rossby waves) dynamics. Hydrostatic approximation but there is a nonhydrostatic version of ROMS. +
C
ROMS resolved fast (gravity waves) and slow (Rossby waves) dynamics. Hydrostatic approximation but there is a nonhydrostatic version of ROMS. +
ROMS resolved fast (gravity waves) and slow (Rossby waves) dynamics. Hydrostatic approximation but there is a nonhydrostatic version of ROMS. +
U
ROMS resolved fast (gravity waves) and slow (Rossby waves) dynamics. Hydrostatic approximation but there is a nonhydrostatic version of ROMS. +
S
G
