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Movie:CHILD Sedflux coupling experiment + (--)

Movie:Glacier Calving + (A calving glacier (also called tidewater g … A calving glacier (also called tidewater glacier) is a glacier that ends in a body of water. Calving glaciers occur in Alaska, Arctic Canada, Patagonia, as well as along the Greenlandic Ice Sheet and Antarctica.It is these systems that produce icebergs floating in the world oceans.Calving glaciers behave very differently than land-based glaciers. Their velocity accelerates at the terminus, and they are much more dynamic than land-based glaciers. Calving glaciers need a large accumulation area to compensate for the ice mass lost by calving.Calving rates of tidewater glaciers in Alaska were found to be controlled by the depth of the water at the glacier front (Brown et al., 1982).Vc=CHw+DVc = calving speed (m/yr)C = calving coefficient (27.1 +/- 2 per yr for a study of 13 Alaskan glaciers)Hw = water depth at the glacier front (m)D = constant (0 m/yr for a study of 13 Alaskan glaciers)Calving glaciers can advance and retreat at great rates. Some of the Alaskan calving glaciers retreated over > 100 km in the last two centuries.d over > 100 km in the last two centuries.)
Movie:DebrisFlowChile + (A debris flow is a fast moving mass of unc … A debris flow is a fast moving mass of unconsolidated, saturated debris that looks like flowing concrete. They differentiate from a mudflow by terms of the viscosity of the flow. Flows follow a steepest descent generally, although they are known the “climb” opposite valley walls in extreme cases. The front of the debris flow, or the toe, forms a lobe, marking flow front. This lobe often contains a great deal of the larger sediments including cobbles and boulders. Early pulses or previous debris flows form levees that channel the flow until they are breached. The presence of older levees indicates the recurrence and characteristics of debris flows in a particular area. This can be an important indicator of past debris flow activity for developing land on alluvial fan terrace surfaces.But, flows can carry clasts ranging in size from clay particles to boulders, and may contain woody debris. During later phases of the event, more viscous mud that contains sands, silts, and fines runs through the flowpath.Debris flows can be triggered by large amounts of rainfall, snow melt, or glacial/permafrost melt, or a combination of all. Speed of debris flows can vary from 0.5 m/s to 16 m/s in extreme conditions. Variables in the conditions that affect debris flow characteristics are slope, available sediment and vegetation in the flowpath. Debris flow are extremely destructive to life and property.This particular event happened on July 2nd, 2006. This is during the middle of the Southern Hemisphere's Austral Winter, but the temperature was unseasonally high at 32º C! It was the warmest July day ever recorded (pers. comm. W. Keller). This debris flow event is attributed to hydrothermal alteration of the local mountain flank and the melting of permafrost.ntain flank and the melting of permafrost.)
Movie:Underwater Debris Flow + (A debris flow is characterized as a liquefied mixture of sediment and water flowing down a slope. It is driven by the gravity acting on the sediment.)
Movie:NileDeltaLobes + (A delta is formed by the interaction of th … A delta is formed by the interaction of three main controls: river energy, wave energy or tidal energy. Deltas are often classified by their morphological characteristics and the dominant controlling factor cinfluencing its morphology. An open ocean basin has a potential for high wave energy. High wave interference causes conflicted or deflected river mouths. There is less influence from fluvial sources. In wave-dominated delta regions, breaking waves cause immediate mixing of fresh and salt water. Typically, the fresh water flow velocity decelerates rapidly. A bar may form in the immediate vicinity of the distributary mouth, often supplemented by landward migrating swash bars. The wave action reworks the sediment, making it much sandier than other types of deltas. Alternatively, sediment is delivered by the river and but it is immediately transported along the coast. The sediment is then deposited as beaches and bars and the development of distributaries is limited. Dominant directions of wave approach can result in asymmetric beach ridges, and may cause the progradation of a spit across the river mouth. This results in channel flow oblique or parallel to the shore.For the theory behind the models of this coupled river and wave-dominated coast simulations see the Model Help of the Coastline Evolution Model: https://csdms.colorado.edu/wiki/Model_help:CEM and the Model help of HydroTrend: https://csdms.colorado.edu/wiki/Model_help:HydroTrendThis movie can be linked to the lab and lecture on coupled delta modeling:https://csdms.colorado.edu/wiki/SurfaceDynamics_Modeling_CMThttps://csdms.colorado.edu/wiki/Labs_portalttps://csdms.colorado.edu/wiki/Labs_portal)
Movie:WaveDelta + (A delta is formed by the interaction of th … A delta is formed by the interaction of three main controls: river energy, wave energy or tidal energy. Deltas are often classified by their morphological characteristics and the dominant controlling factor cinfluencing its morphology. An open ocean basin has a potential for high wave energy. High wave interference causes conflicted or deflected river mouths. There is less influence from fluvial sources. In wave-dominated delta regions, breaking waves cause immediate mixing of fresh and salt water. Typically, the fresh water flow velocity decelerates rapidly. A bar may form in the immediate vicinity of the distributary mouth, often supplemented by landward migrating swash bars. The wave action reworks the sediment, making it much sandier than other types of deltas. Alternatively, sediment is delivered by the river and but it is immediately transported along the coast. The sediment is then deposited as beaches and bars and the development of distributaries is limited. Dominant directions of wave approach can result in asymmetric beach ridges, and may cause the progradation of a spit across the river mouth. This results in channel flow oblique or parallel to the shore.For the theory behind the models of this coupled river and wave-dominated coast simulations see the Model Help of the Coastline Evolution Model: https://csdms.colorado.edu/wiki/Model_help:CEM and the Model help of HydroTrend: https://csdms.colorado.edu/wiki/Model_help:HydroTrendms.colorado.edu/wiki/Model_help:HydroTrend)
Movie:Jökulhlaup Iceland + (A glacial lake outburst flood occurs when … A glacial lake outburst flood occurs when massive amounts of meltwater are dramatically released. This can be for several reasons: when a lake contained by a glacier or a moraine dam drains. One distinguishes between a ‘Jökulhlaup’, if the lake formed subglacially, or a ‘marginal lake drainage’ if it was dammed between ice and the ground. Glacial outburst flows can happen due to erosion, a buildup of water pressure, an avalanche of rock or heavy snow, an earthquake or cryoseism, volcanic eruptions under the ice, or if a large enough portion of a glacier breaks off and massively displaces the waters in a glacial lake at its base.A jökulhlaup is thus a sub-glacial outburst flood. Jökulhlaup is an Icelandic term that has been adapted into the English language, and originally only referred to glacial outburst floods, which are triggered by volcanic eruptions, but now is accepted to describe any abrupt and large release of sub-glacial water.Glacial lakes come in various sizes, but may hold millions to hundreds of millions of cubic meters of water. Catastrophic failure of the containing ice or glacial sediment can release this water over a timespan of minutes to days. Peak flows as high as 15,000 cubic meters per second have been recorded in these events. On a downstream floodplain, inundation can spread as much as 10 kilometers wide. Both scenarios are horrific threats to lives, property and infrastructure.ats to lives, property and infrastructure.)
Movie:Jökulhlaup over Sandur Iceland + (A glacial lake outburst flood occurs when … A glacial lake outburst flood occurs when massive amounts of meltwater are dramatically released. This can be for several reasons: when a lake contained by a glacier or a moraine dam drains. One distinguishes between a ‘Jökulhlaup’, if the lake formed subglacially, or a ‘marginal lake drainage’ if it was dammed between ice and the ground. Glacial outburst flows can happen due to erosion, a buildup of water pressure, an avalanche of rock or heavy snow, an earthquake or cryoseism, volcanic eruptions under the ice, or if a large enough portion of a glacier breaks off and massively displaces the waters in a glacial lake at its base.A jökulhlaup is thus a sub-glacial outburst flood. Jökulhlaup is an Icelandic term that has been adapted into the English language, and originally only referred to glacial outburst floods, which are triggered by volcanic eruptions, but now is accepted to describe any abrupt and large release of sub-glacial water.Glacial lakes come in various sizes, but may hold millions to hundreds of millions of cubic meters of water. Catastrophic failure of the containing ice or glacial sediment can release this water over a timespan of minutes to days. Peak flows as high as 15,000 cubic meters per second have been recorded in these events. On a downstream floodplain, inundation can spread as much as 10 kilometers wide. Both scenarios are horrific threats to lives, property and infrastructure.ats to lives, property and infrastructure.)
Movie:River Engineering + (A groyn is a rigid hydraulic structure bui … A groyn is a rigid hydraulic structure built from an ocean shore (in coastal engineering) or from a bank (in rivers) that interrupts water flow and limits the movement of sediment. In some cases it keeps velocity in the main channel such that it is suitable for shipping. In a river, groynes prevent bank erosion and ice-jamming, which in turn aids navigation. The areas between groups of groynes are groyne fields. Groynes can be made of wood, concrete, or rock piles. Their use goes back many centuries.piles. Their use goes back many centuries.)
Movie:River Engineering2 + (A groyn is a rigid hydraulic structure bui … A groyn is a rigid hydraulic structure built from an ocean shore (in coastal engineering) or from a bank (in rivers) that interrupts water flow and limits the movement of sediment. In some cases it keeps velocity in the main channel such that it is suitable for shipping. In a river, groynes prevent bank erosion and ice-jamming, which in turn aids navigation. The areas between groups of groynes are groyne fields. Groynes can be made of wood, concrete, or rock piles. Their use goes back many centuries.piles. Their use goes back many centuries.)
Movie:LandslideJapan + (A landslide is a mass movement along a fai … A landslide is a mass movement along a failure plane on a slope. Landslides occur when the stability threshold of a slope is overcome. The trigger can be abrupt, like an earthquake or more gradual due to a number of factors including:# porewater pressure built up due to extensive rainfall, snow of glacier melt. # undercutting of a slope by a river or wave erosion.Fires and deforestation that change the water infiltration capacity of a slope do influence the probability of a landslide event happening.A elaborate discussion on classification can be found here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide_classificationikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide_classification)
Movie:Vulcanic Ash Cloud Iceland + (A lot of background information on this eruption can be found on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_eruptions_of_Eyjafjallajökull)
Movie:TidalBoreAK + (A tidal bore, also called aegir, is a tida … A tidal bore, also called aegir, is a tidal phenomenon in which the leading edge of the incoming tide forms a wave of water that travel up a river or narrow bay against the river current. As such, it is a true tidal wave.Bores occur in relatively few locations, but they do occur worldwide, usually in areas with a large tidal range (typically more than 6 m between high and low water). All these locations are shallow, narrowing rivers or fjords in which water is funneled via a broad bay. The funnel-like shape not only increases the height of the tide, but it can also decrease the duration of the flood tide down to a point where the flood appears as a sudden increase in the water level. The rising tide may force the tidal wave-front to move faster that a shallow water wave can propagate into water of that depth: T=L/(c+u) T = wave period L = wave length c = wave speed u = speed of current If the current flows counter the direction of wave propagation, then L will increase and the wave will get shorter and higher (upto the point of breaking).Bore tides come in after extreme minus low tides created by the full or new moon (Chanson, 2004).Bores take on various forms, ranging from a single breaking wavefront —like a shock wave — to ‘undular bores’ comprising a smooth wavefront followed by a train of secondary waves (whelps). Large bores can be dangerous for shipping.Rivers that do have a tidal bore include the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers, in South America, the Hoogly River in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta, several rivers in the UK, and rivers draining into the Bay of Fundy. The largest tidal bore occurs in the Qiantang River in China, it is 9m high and travels at 40 km/hr.Tidal bores have distinct influence on sediment transport. The arrival of the borefront is associated with intense bed shear stress and bed scour. Suspended sediment is advected upwards in the wake of the tidal bore. This phase is associated with turbulent structure. The suspension of sediment is sustained by wave motion for several minutes to half an hour after the bore has passed (Chanson, 2004).for several minutes to half an hour after the bore has passed (Chanson, 2004).)
Movie:TidalBoreChina + (A tidal bore, also called aegir, is a tida … A tidal bore, also called aegir, is a tidal phenomenon in which the leading edge of the incoming tide forms a wave of water that travel up a river or narrow bay against the river current. As such, it is a true tidal wave.Bores occur in relatively few locations, but they do occur worldwide, usually in areas with a large tidal range (typically more than 6 m between high and low water). All these locations are shallow, narrowing rivers or fjords in which water is funneled via a broad bay. The funnel-like shape not only increases the height of the tide, but it can also decrease the duration of the flood tide down to a point where the flood appears as a sudden increase in the water level. The rising tide may force the tidal wave-front to move faster that a shallow water wave can propagate into water of that depth: T=L/(c+u) T = wave period L = wave length c = wave speed u = speed of current If the current flows counter the direction of wave propagation, then L will increase and the wave will get shorter and higher (upto the point of breaking).Bore tides come in after extreme minus low tides created by the full or new moon (Chanson, 2004).Bores take on various forms, ranging from a single breaking wavefront —like a shock wave — to ‘undular bores’ comprising a smooth wavefront followed by a train of secondary waves (whelps). Large bores can be dangerous for shipping.Rivers that do have a tidal bore include the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers, in South America, the Hoogly River in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta, several rivers in the UK, and rivers draining into the Bay of Fundy. The largest tidal bore occurs in the Qiantang River in China, it is 9m high and travels at 40 km/hr.Tidal bores have distinct influence on sediment transport. The arrival of the borefront is associated with intense bed shear stress and bed scour. Suspended sediment is advected upwards in the wake of the tidal bore. This phase is associated with turbulent structure. The suspension of sediment is sustained by wave motion for several minutes to half an hour after the bore has passed (Chanson, 2004).for several minutes to half an hour after the bore has passed (Chanson, 2004).)
Movie:Summer waves + (An equilibrium beach profile results from … An equilibrium beach profile results from steady modest wave forcing during the summer. Summer wave conditions move sand onto the beach, widening its profile. Winter storm waves move sand offshore (see assocated animation.Summer and winter beach profiles are expressions of the seasonal cycle of wave energy.ions of the seasonal cycle of wave energy.)
Movie:Winter Waves + (An equilibrium winter beach profile result … An equilibrium winter beach profile results from more intense wave forcing during the winter. High winter wave conditions move sand away from the beach, cutting a wave platform. Unusually large storms may move all sands into deep water and leave skinny beaches for the early summer season.Summer waves move sand back onshore (see associated animation) both summer and winter beach profiles are expressions of the seasonal cycle of wave energy.ions of the seasonal cycle of wave energy.)
Movie:Global sediment flux + (Applied Model: WBMsed)
Movie:Open water days in 21st century + (Barnhart, K., Miller, C.R., Overeem, I., Kay. J., 2015. Mapping the future expansion of Arctic open water. Nature Climate Change. 2 November 2015.)
Movie:Barrier Island + (Barrier Islands migrate over the shelf in … Barrier Islands migrate over the shelf in response to sea level changes. The island first progrades outward, during sea level fall and then retrogrades when sea level is coming up again.A elaborate discussion on classification can be found here:http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/conservation/issues/barrier-island.htmtal/conservation/issues/barrier-island.htm)
Movie:WMO GRDC discharge Archives + (Based on observed data)
Movie:Effects of high horizontal displacement rates on landscape evolution & pull-apart basins formation + (Basin and Landscape Dynamics (Badlands) is … Basin and Landscape Dynamics (Badlands) is a parallel TIN-based landscape evolution model, built to simulate topography development at various space and time scales. The model is presently capable of simulating hillslope processes (linear diffusion), fluvial incision ('modified' SPL: erosion/transport/deposition), spatially and temporally varying geodynamic (horizontal + vertical displacements) and climatic forces which can be used to simulate changes in base level, as well as effects of climate changes or sea-level fluctuations.climate changes or sea-level fluctuations.)
Movie:Bed load sediment transport + (Bed load transportation is a function of t … Bed load transportation is a function of the fluid force per area, or shear stress on the stream bed. Shear stress is proportional to the specific weight of the fluid, the depth and the surface slope of the fluid. The frictional resisting force is proportional to the specific weight of the sediment and the diameter of the sediment.sediment and the diameter of the sediment.)
Movie:Bed load sediment transport close up + (Bed load transportation is a function of t … Bed load transportation is a function of the fluid force per area, or shear stress on the stream bed. Shear stress is proportional to the specific weight of the fluid, the depth and the surface slope of the fluid. The frictional resisting force is proportional to the specific weight of the sediment and the diameter of the sediment.sediment and the diameter of the sediment.)
Movie:Sheet flow bedload movement + (Bed load transportation is a function of t … Bed load transportation is a function of the fluid force per area, or shear stress on the stream bed. Shear stress is proportional to the specific weight of the fluid, the depth and the surface slope of the fluid. The frictional resisting force is proportional to the specific weight of the sediment and the diameter of the sediment.sediment and the diameter of the sediment.)
Movie:Bedload Transportation + (Bed load transportation is a function of t … Bed load transportation is a function of the fluid force per area, or shear stress on the stream bed. Shear stress is proportional to the specific weight of the fluid, the depth and the surface slope of the fluid. The frictional resisting force is proportional to the specific weight of the sediment and the diameter of the sediment.sediment and the diameter of the sediment.)
Movie:Braided Streams in a fan-delta + (Braided steams can occur in drainage basins that have high sediment content and/or in river environments that rapidly change channel depth and thus velocity such as alluvial fans, river deltas and peneplains.)
Movie:Braided Stream Morphology + (Braided steams can occur in drainage basins that have high sediment content and/or in river environments that rapidly change channel depth and thus velocity such as alluvial fans, river deltas and peneplains.)
Movie:Sinking Deltas + (Close to 0.5 billion people live on, or ne … Close to 0.5 billion people live on, or near, world deltas, inclusively in many mega-cities. Ten countries (China, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Indonesia, Japan, Egypt, USA, Thailand, and the Philippines) account for 73% of the people that live in the world’s coastal zone, defined as within 10 m of mean sea level. 20th-century catchment developments and population and economic growth within subsiding deltas have placed these environments and their populations under a growing risk of coastal flooding, wetland loss, shoreline retreat, and loss of infrastructure.To assess vulnerability of deltaic lowlands one has to look at a delta as a balance. A delta’s surface elevation above mean sea level can experience a vertical change relative to local mean sea level, ΔRSL. It is controlled by a summation of 5 factors: (1) ΔRSL = A - ΔE - Cn - CA ± MA delta’s Aggradation Rate (A) is determined from the volume of sediment delivered to and retained on the subaerial delta surface as new sedimentary layers due to flooding. A typically varies from 1 to 50 mm/y in deltas worldwide (See Table 1 in Syvitski et al., 2009). Most river floods bring large amounts of sediment to a delta’s surface. Reducing the number of distributary channels along with artificial levees can prohibit river flooding onto the delta plain. Flooding from ocean surges may still contribute additional turbid water. ΔE is the Eustatic Sea Level Rate determined from changes to the volume of the global ocean over time, as influenced by fluctuations in the storage of terrestrial water (e.g. glaciers, ice sheets, groundwater, lakes, and reservoirs), and fluctuations in ocean water expansion due to water temperature changes. Presently ΔE is positive and contributes ≈1.8 to 3 mm/y (IPCC, 2007) under the anthropogenic influence of global warming. The IPCC projects that sea level will rise another 21 to 71 cm by 2070, with a best estimate of 44 cm averaged globally; it is becoming increasingly clear that the major ice sheets might contribute even more water over this period.Natural Compaction (Cn), or Accelerated Compaction (CA) reduce the volume of deltaic deposits. Cn involves natural changes in the void space within sedimentary layers (e.g. dewatering, grain-packing realignment, and organic matter oxidation), and is typically ≤3 mm/y. CA is the anthropogenic contribution to volume change as a consequence of subsurface mining (oil, gas or groundwater), human-influenced soil drainage and accelerated oxidation. CA can exceed Cn by an order of magnitude. M is the typically downward vertical movement of the land surface as influenced by the redistribution of earth masses (e.g. sea level fluctuations, growth of delta deposits, growth or shrinkage of nearby ice masses, tectonics, and deep-seated thermal subsidence). M is highly variable spatially but rates are typically between 0 and -5 mm/y.rates are typically between 0 and -5 mm/y.)
Movie:Thermal Mixing at Channel Confluence + (Confluences are a common element of river … Confluences are a common element of river networks, especially in the lower reaches and the deltaic floodplain. They are characterized by large-scale turbulent motions. Confluences are even more common in braided river networks, and play an important role in reworking and transporting bedload material.working and transporting bedload material.)
Movie:Complex Flow at Channel Confluence + (Confluences are a common element of river … Confluences are a common element of river networks, especially in the lower reaches and the deltaic floodplain. They are characterized by large-scale turbulent motions. Confluences are even more common in braided river networks, and play an important role in reworking and transporting bedload material.working and transporting bedload material.)
Movie:Coastal Bluff Erosion + (Duperret et al. (2002) recently discussed … Duperret et al. (2002) recently discussed bluff failure at Puys, 75 km to the northeast of the site of the video, Saint-Jouin-Bruneval. In that case they concluded that increased groundwater flow after heavy rain facilitated the collapse. Coastal Rock Cliff Erosion by Collapse at Puys, France: The Role of Impervious Marl Seams within Chalk of NW EuropeAnne Duperret, Albert Genter, Rory N. Mortimore, Baptiste Delacourt and Mick R. De PomeraiJournal of Coastal Research , Vol. 18, No. 1 (Winter, 2002), pp. 52-61, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Winter, 2002), pp. 52-61)
Movie:ArcticCoastalErosion2010 + (Erosion rates along permafrost coastlines … Erosion rates along permafrost coastlines of Alaska’s North Slope have been increasing over the past few decades (from 1953 onwards). The coast around Drew Point, roughly between Point Barrow and Prudhoe Bay along the Beaufort Sea, consists of ice-rich bluffs of about 3-5m high.Thermal energy accounts for most of the erosion potential along these ice-rich permafrost coastlines, so predictive models of coastal erosion require an understanding of how sea-ice and sea surface temperatures evolve, both through the summer ice-free season and interannually. To describe patterns of nearshore SST in the Beaufort Sea a team of USGS, INSTAAR and the Naval Postgraduate School deployed wave and ocean temperature sensors offshore from the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPR-A) during the summer of 2009. These sensors were placed in a shore-normal array between 0.2 and 10 km offshore, in water depths ranging from ~1m to 7m. Second, data is available from meteorological stations on the Alaskan North Slope to summarize the regional weather patterns that drive observed changes in ocean waves and temperatures over this time period. And lastly, we use satellite data to summarize sea ice position and sea surface temperatures over the past decade. As long as the sea ice is still hugging the coast, which can be upto Halfway July, erosion is very limited. Subsequently, early in the summer when sea ice remains near the coast, the nearshore open water area is sheltered from mixing and warms to its highest temperatures of the summer. Water nearshore can become very warm, up to 10 degrees C, and consequently high thermal erosion occurs along the coast. As the sea ice margin retreats in mid-summer, summertime storsm homogenizes the temperatures offshore, collapsing the offshore temperature gradient to less than 0.5 degrees C per km and dropping the nearshore temperatures by almost 5 degrees C. Thermal erosion potential is consequently reduced later in the summer.In the Fall season the sea surface water temperature drops to about 2 to -1 degrees C and there may be less potential for erosion.d there may be less potential for erosion.)
Movie:Shelf Incision + (Fluvial coastal reworking as a result of sea level change in glacial-interglacial time periods.)
Movie:Delta lab experiment + (Fluvial system alternates between sediment … Fluvial system alternates between sediment storage and release due to autogenic slope fluctuations on the deltaic surface. Shoreline progradation rates increase during release events and slow during sediment storage. This process is entirely autogenic (internally generated, i.e., no external controls were changing to induce this process).ols were changing to induce this process).)
Movie:Permafrost Projections + (GIPL was used to simulate the dynamics of … GIPL was used to simulate the dynamics of the active layer thickness and mean annual ground temperature, both retrospectively and prognostically, using climate forcing from Global Climate Models. GIPL is a numerical model based on a finite difference method for the non-linear Heat Conduction Equation.In this model the process of soil freezing/thawing is occurring in accordance with the unfrozen water content curve, which is specific for each soil layer and for each geographical location. For each grid point on the map we used a one-dimensional multi-layer model of soil down to the depth of a constant geothermal heat flux (typically 500 to 1000 m). At the upper boundary, there are insulating layers of snow and vegetation that can change their properties with time. Special Enthalpy formulation of the energy conservation law makes it possible to use a coarse vertical resolution without loss of latent heat effects in phase transition zone even in case of fast temporally and spatially varying temperature fields. The new version of GIPL (GIPL 2.0) calculates soil temperature and liquid water content fields for the entire spatial domain with daily, monthly and yearly resolutions. The merge of the new GIPL and the GIS technique provides a unique opportunity to analyze spatial features of permafrost dynamics into the future.es of permafrost dynamics into the future.)
Movie:Glacier Surge + (Glacial surges are short-lived events wher … Glacial surges are short-lived events where a glacier can move up to velocities 100 times faster than normal, and advance substantially. Surging glaciers are found in only a few areas: Svalbard, Canadian Arctic islands, and Alaska. Glacial surges can take place at regular, periodic intervals. In some glaciers, surges can occur in fairly regular cycles with 15 to 100 or more surge events per year. In other glaciers, surging is unpredictable. In some glaciers, the period of stagnation and build-up between two surges typically lasts 10-200 years and is called the quiescent phase. During this period the velocities of the glacier are significantly lower, and during those periods the glaciers can retreat substantially.Glaciers in Alaska exhibit surges with a sudden onset, extremely high (tens of meters/day) maximum flow rate and a sudden termination, often with a discharge of stored water. These are called Alaskan-type surges and it is suspected that these surges are hydrologically controlled. Outburst flows are often associated with these events.Surges may also be caused by the supply of meltwater to the base of a glacier. Meltwater is important in reducing frictional restrictions to glacial ice flow. The distribution and pressure of water at the bed modulates the glaciers velocity and therefore mass balance. Meltwater may come from a number of sources, including supraglacial lakes, geothermal heating of the bed, conduction of heat into the glacier and latent heat transfers. There is a positive feedback between velocity and friction at the bed, high velocities will generate more frictional heat and create more meltwater. Crevassing is also enhanced by greater velocity flow which will provide further rapid transmission paths for meltwater flowing towards the bed. The evolution of the drainage system under the glacier may play a key role in surge cycles.In contrast, surging glaciers in Svalbard appear to have a much slower surging cycle. Monaconbreen in Svalbard surged over several years, and maximum speeds were much less high than measured in Alaska.re much less high than measured in Alaska.)
Movie:Monthly global temperature + (Global temperature distribution is derived … Global temperature distribution is derived from remote sensing data gathered from satellites. One of the instruments used in measuring land surface temperatures is ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) which is aboard the TERRA satellite. The orbiting satellites gather data regarding the reflection of various wavelength bands from earth’s surface which can then be used to create temperature profiles for a given region. These temperatures are then compared with local observing stations to validate and help calibrate the computed data. With global temperature data distributed over a large enough time scale, representative means can be created these means are then compiled to create global temperature profiles.led to create global temperature profiles.)
Movie:Globe Wave Power + (Gravity driven waves (swell) conserve ener … Gravity driven waves (swell) conserve energy as they move through the worlds oceans. Thus it is possible to track ocean energy as it moves through the worlds oceans and interacts with land forms.Wave power is approximately calculated asE=.125(pgH^2). Where E is energy, p is the density of water, g is acceleration due to gravity and H is wave height.ation due to gravity and H is wave height.)
Movie:Plume deposition + (Heavier sediment settles first resulting in highly stratified delta formation.)
Movie:Sand Boil behind Levee + (High river water that does not overtop a l … High river water that does not overtop a levee yet, can still create a tremendous water pressure. This pressure creates a potential for groundwater seepage of the water, through the underlying, permeable aquifer into the lowlands that are protected from direct flooding by an largely impermeable levee.Sand and water start bubbling up on the floodplain; usually indicating that undermining of the levee is going on.that undermining of the levee is going on.)
Movie:Arctic Coastal Erosion Discussion + (In Arctic landscapes, recent warming has s … In Arctic landscapes, recent warming has significantly altered geomorphic process rates. Along the Beaufort Sea coastline bounding Alaska’s North Slope, the mean annual coastal erosion rate has doubled from ~7 m/yr for 1955-1979 to ~14 m/yr for 2002-2007 (Mars and Houseknecht, 2007). Locally the erosion rate can reach 30 m/yr. We aim to understanding the processes that influence coastal erosion rates; since we want to predict the response of the coast and its adjacent landscape to a rapidly changing climate, with implications for sediment and carbon fluxes, oilfield infrastructure, and animal habitat.The evolution of the permafrost bluffs on the North Slope is controlled by three conditions: length of the sea ice free season, warming sea water and wave and storm surge. During the sea ice-free season, relatively warm waters melt a notch into the ice-rich silt that comprises the 4-m tall bluffs. The bluffs ultimately fail by toppling of polygonal blocks bounded by mechanically weak ice-wedges that are spaced roughly 10-20 m apart. The toppled blocks then temporarily armor the coast against further attack. The annual coastal retreat rate is controlled by the length of the sea ice-free season, water and air temperatures, and the wave history. Honoring the high ice content of the bluff materials, it is thought that subaerial melt plays a minor role, and that the notching of the base of the bluff acts as an melting dirty ice berg. In quantitative iceberg melting models the local instantaneous melt rate goes as the product of the temperature difference between seawater and bluff material, and the wave height. Calculated instantaneous melt rate can be adjusted to account for the ambient temperature of the permafrost and the presence of non-ice material in the bluffs. Once a block is sufficiently undercut to become unstable it will fail and topple. The latter process can be described as a torque balance.cess can be described as a torque balance.)
Movie:US dams + (Large and small dam emplacement in the USA. Data shown from the National Inventory of Dams (NID).)
Movie:Modelling subglacial drainage coupled to ice flow in Greenland + (Liquid water is thought to move through th … Liquid water is thought to move through the Greenland Ice Sheet as diffuse and channelized flow, and is governed by the pressure field created by the weight of overlying ice. This 2-D model combines the governing equations for both types of flow to model the movement of water in the Greenland Ice Sheet.A video of the talk Mauro Werder gave at the CSDMS 2013 annual meeting is available on the CSDMS website, https://csdms.colorado.edu/wiki/CSDMS_2013_annual_meeting_Mauro_Werderiki/CSDMS_2013_annual_meeting_Mauro_Werder)
Movie:An Alpine Glacier's Drainage System: Gornergletscher drainage system + (Liquid water is thought to move through al … Liquid water is thought to move through alpine glaciers as diffuse and channelized flow, and is governed by the pressure field created by the weight of overlying ice. This 2-D model combines the governing equations for both types of flow to model the movement of water in the the Gornergletscher, an alpine glacier in Switzerland. A video of the talk Mauro Werder gave at the CSDMS 2013 annual meeting on glacial hydrology is available on the CSDMS website, https://csdms.colorado.edu/wiki/CSDMS_2013_annual_meeting_Mauro_Werderiki/CSDMS_2013_annual_meeting_Mauro_Werder)
Movie:The Development of An Experimental Meandering River + (Meandering rivers are ubiquitous in nature … Meandering rivers are ubiquitous in nature, but have been difficult to simulate in flumes.The snake-like pattern found in meandering rivers occurs as meanders migrate as the outer bank of a river erodes sediment, and the inner curve of a river receives deposits of sediment. of a river receives deposits of sediment.)
Movie:Pushing Sea Ice + (Movement of sea ice unto a structure is ca … Movement of sea ice unto a structure is called ice encroachment. This occurs in two dfferent modes: 'ride up' and 'pile-up'. Ride-up occurs when the ice is driven up the side slope intact, pile-up ocurs when the ice fails and buckles and bends into individual blocks. It has been assumed that pile up would be more prevalent in shallow water, due to grounding of the ice and due to the fact that a river is very closeby. The river discharge starts draining unto the sea ice by May-June and makes the sea ice more weak and vulnerable for break-up.ice more weak and vulnerable for break-up.)
Movie:Global Dams Development 1800-2010 + (Reference: Lehner, B., C. Reidy Liermann, … Reference: Lehner, B., C. Reidy Liermann, C. Revenga, C. Vörösmarty, B. Fekete, P. Crouzet, P. Döll, M. Endejan, K. Frenken, J. Magome, C. Nilsson, J.C. Robertson, R. Rodel, N. Sindorf, and D. Wisser. 2011. High-Resolution Mapping of the World's Reservoirs and Dams for Sustainable River-Flow Management. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9:494-502. DOI: 10.1890/100125.nvironment 9:494-502. DOI: 10.1890/100125.)
Movie:Sediment and Ocean processes + (Relating nested models of different oceanographic and climate events to model large-scale processes.)
Movie:Meandering river + (Rivers channels can develop a sinuous cour … Rivers channels can develop a sinuous course through their valleys and lowlands. River with channels with high sinuosity are called meandering rivers. These systems develop over time, by outward migration of the cutbank and simultaneous growth of the pointbar.k and simultaneous growth of the pointbar.)
Movie:Arctic Sea Ice 2009 + (Sea ice has retreated far into the Arctic Ocean in the last few years, with 2007 being record low over the last 30 years. The animations shows the evolution of sea ice through winter-spring-summer and fall for 2009, which was the secondmost low year.)