Summary
| Also known as
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| Model type
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Modular
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| Model part of larger framework
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| Note on status model
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| Date note status model
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Technical specs
| Supported platforms
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Windows
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| Other platform
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| Programming language
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Fortran77
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| Other program language
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Visual Basic
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| Code optimized
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Single Processor
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| Multiple processors implemented
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| Nr of distributed processors
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| Nr of shared processors
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| Start year development
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1974
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| Does model development still take place?
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Yes
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| If above answer is no, provide end year model development
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| Code development status
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| When did you indicate the 'code development status'?
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| Model availability
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As code
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Source code availability
(Or provide future intension)
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Through owner"Through owner" is not in the list (Through web repository, Through CSDMS repository) of allowed values for the "Source code availability" property.
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| Source web address
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http://www.es.lancs.ac.uk/hfdg/freeware/hfdg_freeware_top.htm
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| Source csdms web address
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| Program license type
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Other
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| Program license type other
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NOT SURE
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| Memory requirements
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--
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| Typical run time
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Minutes
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In/Output
| Describe input parameters
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Model Inputs:
- Project file: Text description of application and input file names and paths.
- Catchment (watershed) data file: Watershed and subwatershed topographic index—ln(a/tan B) distributions and the following parameters:
- The mean soil surface transmissivity
- A transmissivity profile decay coefficient
- A root zone storage capacity
- An unsaturated zone time delay
- A main channel routing velocity and internal subwatershed routing velocity
To use the infiltration excess mechanism, a hydraulic conductivity (or distribution), a wetting front suction and the initial near surface water content should be added.
The initialization of each run requires an initial stream discharge and the root zone deficit.
- Hydrological input data file: rainfall, potential evapotranspiration, and observed discharge time series in m/h
- Topographic index map data file: the topographic index map may be prepared from a raster digital elevation file using the DTM-ANALYSIS program. This file includes number of pixels in X direction, number of pixels in Y direction, grid size, and topographic index values for each pair of X and Y.
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| Input format
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ASCII, Binary
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| Other input format
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| Describe output parameters
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Model Interface Capabilities:
There are three options available in the program interface:
- The Hydrograph Prediction Option: This option allows the model to be run and hydrographs displayed. If a Topographic Index Map File is available, then a map button is displayed that allows the display of predicted simulation, either as a summary over all timesteps or animated.
- The Sensitivity Analysis Option: This screen allows the sensitivity of the objective functions to changes of one or more of the parameters to be explored.
- The Monte Carlo Analysis Option: In this option a large number of runs of the model can be made using uniform random samples of the parameters chosen for inclusion in the analysis. Check boxes can be used to choose the variables and objective functions to be saved for each run. The results file produced will be compatible with the GLUE analysis software package.
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| Output format
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ASCII, Binary
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| Other output format
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| Pre-processing software needed?
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No
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| Describe pre-processing software
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--
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| Post-processing software needed?
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Yes
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| Describe post-processing software
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TOPMODEL is integrated in GRASS GIS version 5. TOPSIMPL, another Windows version of the model written by Georges-Marie Saulnier can be downloaded directly from the main TOPMODEL site
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| Visualization software needed?
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No
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| If above answer is yes
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| Other visualization software
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Process
| Describe processes represented by the model
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TOPMODEL is defined as a variable contributing area conceptual model in which the dynamics of surface and subsurface saturated areas is estimated on the basis of storage discharge relationships established from a simplified steady state theory for downslope saturated zone flows. The theory assumes that the local hydraulic gradient is equal to the local surface slope and implies that all points with the same value of the topographic index, a/tan B will respond in a hydrologically similar way. This index is derived from the basin topography, where a is the drained area per unit contour length and tan B is the slope of the ground surface at the location. Thus the model need make calculations only for representative values of the index. The results may then be mapped back into space by knowledge of the pattern of the index derived from a topographic analysis.
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| Describe key physical parameters and equations
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| Describe length scale and resolution constraints
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see the discussion of limitations in Beven et al., 1995 and Beven, 1997.
Grid or subwatersheds
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| Describe time scale and resolution constraints
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see the discussion of limitations in Beven et al., 1995 and Beven, 1997.
Variable, from 1 to 24 hours
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| Describe any numerical limitations and issues
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Model Limitations
- TOPMODEL only simulates watershed hydrology, although studies have been conducted to modify it to
simulate water quality dynamics.
- TOPMODEL can be applied most accurately to watersheds that do not suffer from excessively long dry
periods and have shallow homogeneous soils and moderate topography.
- Model results are sensitive to grid size, and grid size <=50 m is recommended.
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Testing
| Describe available calibration data sets
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TOPMODEL calibration procedures are relatively simple because it uses very few parameters in the model formulas. The model is very sensitive to changes of the soil hydraulic conductivity decay parameter, the soil transmissivity at saturation, the root zone storage capacity, and the channel routing velocity in larger watersheds. The calibrated values of parameters are also related to the grid size used in the digital terrain analysis. The timestep and the grid size also have been shown to influence TOPMODEL simulations.
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| Upload calibration data sets if available:
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| Describe available test data sets
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Example of TOPMODEL simulation
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| Upload test data sets if available:
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Media:TOPMODEL Example.zip
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| Describe ideal data for testing
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--
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Other
| Do you have current or future plans for collaborating with other researchers?
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--
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| Comments
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Linkages Supported: Links to GLUE (Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation) program for sensitivity/uncertainty/calibration analyses.
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