Model:TOPMODEL

TOPMODEL

Metadata

Also known as
Model type	Modular
Model part of larger framework
Note on status model
Date note status model

Incorporated models or components:

Spatial dimensions	2D
Spatial extent	Landscape-Scale, Watershed-Scale
Model domain	Terrestrial, Hydrology
One-line model description	Physically based, distributed watershed model that simulates hydrologic fluxes of water through a watershed
Extended model description	TOPMODEL is a physically based, distributed watershed model that simulates hydrologic fluxes of water (infiltration-excess overland flow, saturation overland flow, infiltration, exfiltration, subsurface flow, evapotranspiration, and channel routing) through a watershed. The model simulates explicit groundwater/surface water interactions by predicting the movement of the water table, which determines where saturated land-surface areas develop and have the potential to produce saturation overland flow.

Keywords:	basin, hydrological,

Name	Keith Beven
Type of contact	Model developer
Institute / Organization	Lancaster University, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences
Postal address 1
Postal address 2
Town / City	Lancaster
Postal code	LA1 4YQ
State
Country	United Kingdom
Email address	K.Beven@lancaster.ac.uk
Phone	+44 (0)1524 593892
Fax

Supported platforms	Windows
Other platform
Programming language	Fortran77
Other program language	Visual Basic
Code optimized	Single Processor
Multiple processors implemented
Nr of distributed processors
Nr of shared processors
Start year development	1974
Does model development still take place?	Yes
If above answer is no, provide end year model development
Code development status	Active
When did you indicate the 'code development status'?	2020
Model availability	As code
Source code availability (Or provide future intension)	Through web repository
Source web address	https://cran.r-project.org/package=topmodel
Source csdms web address
Program license type	Other
Program license type other	NOT SURE
Memory requirements	--
Typical run time	Minutes

Describe input parameters	Model Inputs: Project file: Text description of application and input file names and paths. Catchment (watershed) data file: Watershed and subwatershed topographic index—ln(a/tan B) distributions and the following parameters: The mean soil surface transmissivity A transmissivity profile decay coefficient A root zone storage capacity An unsaturated zone time delay A main channel routing velocity and internal subwatershed routing velocity To use the infiltration excess mechanism, a hydraulic conductivity (or distribution), a wetting front suction and the initial near surface water content should be added. The initialization of each run requires an initial stream discharge and the root zone deficit. Hydrological input data file: rainfall, potential evapotranspiration, and observed discharge time series in m/h Topographic index map data file: the topographic index map may be prepared from a raster digital elevation file using the DTM-ANALYSIS program. This file includes number of pixels in X direction, number of pixels in Y direction, grid size, and topographic index values for each pair of X and Y.
Input format	ASCII, Binary
Other input format
Describe output parameters	Model Interface Capabilities: There are three options available in the program interface: The Hydrograph Prediction Option: This option allows the model to be run and hydrographs displayed. If a Topographic Index Map File is available, then a map button is displayed that allows the display of predicted simulation, either as a summary over all timesteps or animated. The Sensitivity Analysis Option: This screen allows the sensitivity of the objective functions to changes of one or more of the parameters to be explored. The Monte Carlo Analysis Option: In this option a large number of runs of the model can be made using uniform random samples of the parameters chosen for inclusion in the analysis. Check boxes can be used to choose the variables and objective functions to be saved for each run. The results file produced will be compatible with the GLUE analysis software package.
Output format	ASCII, Binary
Other output format
Pre-processing software needed?	No
Describe pre-processing software
Post-processing software needed?	Yes
Describe post-processing software	TOPMODEL is integrated in GRASS GIS version 5. TOPSIMPL, another Windows version of the model written by Georges-Marie Saulnier can be downloaded directly from the main TOPMODEL site
Visualization software needed?	No
If above answer is yes
Other visualization software

Describe processes represented by the model	TOPMODEL is defined as a variable contributing area conceptual model in which the dynamics of surface and subsurface saturated areas is estimated on the basis of storage discharge relationships established from a simplified steady state theory for downslope saturated zone flows. The theory assumes that the local hydraulic gradient is equal to the local surface slope and implies that all points with the same value of the topographic index, a/tan B will respond in a hydrologically similar way. This index is derived from the basin topography, where a is the drained area per unit contour length and tan B is the slope of the ground surface at the location. Thus the model need make calculations only for representative values of the index. The results may then be mapped back into space by knowledge of the pattern of the index derived from a topographic analysis.
Describe key physical parameters and equations
Describe length scale and resolution constraints	see the discussion of limitations in Beven et al., 1995 and Beven, 1997. Grid or subwatersheds
Describe time scale and resolution constraints	see the discussion of limitations in Beven et al., 1995 and Beven, 1997. Variable, from 1 to 24 hours
Describe any numerical limitations and issues	Model Limitations TOPMODEL only simulates watershed hydrology, although studies have been conducted to modify it to simulate water quality dynamics. TOPMODEL can be applied most accurately to watersheds that do not suffer from excessively long dry periods and have shallow homogeneous soils and moderate topography. Model results are sensitive to grid size, and grid size <=50 m is recommended.

Describe available calibration data sets	TOPMODEL calibration procedures are relatively simple because it uses very few parameters in the model formulas. The model is very sensitive to changes of the soil hydraulic conductivity decay parameter, the soil transmissivity at saturation, the root zone storage capacity, and the channel routing velocity in larger watersheds. The calibrated values of parameters are also related to the grid size used in the digital terrain analysis. The timestep and the grid size also have been shown to influence TOPMODEL simulations.
Upload calibration data sets if available:
Describe available test data sets	Example of TOPMODEL simulation
Upload test data sets if available:	Media:TOPMODEL Example.zip
Describe ideal data for testing

Do you have current or future plans for collaborating with other researchers?	--

Is there a manual available?	No
Upload manual if available:
Model website if any	https://cran.r-project.org/package=topmodel
Model forum / discussion board

Comments	Linkages Supported: Links to GLUE (Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation) program for sensitivity/uncertainty/calibration analyses.

This part will be filled out by CSDMS staff

OpenMI compliant	No but possible
BMI compliant	No but possible
WMT component	No but possible
PyMT component
Is this a data component

Can be coupled with:

Model info

Authors

Keith Beven

Source code

Go to external source code site

Model citations

Nr. of publications:	565
Total citations:	31999
h-index:	89
m-quotient:	2.23

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TOPMODEL

Introduction

History

References

Nr. of publications:	565
Total citations:	31999
h-index:	89
m-quotient:	2.23

Featured publication(s)	Year	Model described	Type of Reference	Citations
Beven, Keith; 1997. TOPMODEL: A critique. Hydrological Processes, 11, 1069–1085. 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199707)11:93.0.CO;2-O (View/edit entry)	1997	TOPMODEL	Model overview	584
Ambroise, Bruno; Beven, Keith; Freer, Jim; 1996. Toward a Generalization of the TOPMODEL Concepts: Topographic Indices of Hydrological Similarity. Water Resources Research, 32, 2135–2145. 10.1029/95WR03716 (View/edit entry)	1996	TOPMODEL	Model overview	316
Beven, Keith; Freer, Jim; 2001. A dynamic TOPMODEL. Hydrological Processes, 15, 1993–2011. 10.1002/hyp.252 (View/edit entry)	2001	TOPMODEL	Model overview	333
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Input Files

Output Files