Model:VIC: Difference between revisions

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{{Modeler information
|First name=Dennis
|Last name=Lettenmaier
|Type of contact=Technical contact
|Postal address 1=Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering
|Postal address 2=University of Washington, Box 352700
|Town / City=Seattle
|Postal code=98195-2700
|State=Washington
|Country=USA
|Email address=vicadmin@hydro.washington.edu
|Phone=206.685.1796
}}
{{Model identity
{{Model identity
|Model type=Single
|Model type=Single
|Categories=Hydrology
}}
{{Start models incorporated}}
{{End a table}}
{{Model identity2
|ModelDomain=Hydrology
|Spatial dimensions=3D
|Spatial dimensions=3D
|Spatialscale=Global, Continental, Regional-Scale
|Spatialscale=Continental, Global, Regional-Scale
|One-line model description=VIC (Variable Infiltration Capacity) is a macroscale hydrologic model that solves full water and energy balances, originally developed by Xu Liang at the University of Washington.
|One-line model description=VIC (Variable Infiltration Capacity) is a macroscale hydrologic model that solves full water and energy balances, originally developed by Xu Liang at the University of Washington.
|Extended model description=The VIC model is a large-scale, semi-distributed hydrologic model. As such, it shares several basic features with the other land surface models (LSMs) that are commonly coupled to global circulation models (GCMs):
|Extended model description=The VIC model is a large-scale, semi-distributed hydrologic model. As such, it shares several basic features with the other land surface models (LSMs) that are commonly coupled to global circulation models (GCMs):
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Time series of output variables for each grid cell (for the entire simulation period) are stored in files specific to that grid cell
Time series of output variables for each grid cell (for the entire simulation period) are stored in files specific to that grid cell
Routing of stream flow is performed separately from the land surface simulation, using a separate model (typically the routing model of Lohmann et al., 1996 and 1998)
Routing of stream flow is performed separately from the land surface simulation, using a separate model (typically the routing model of Lohmann et al., 1996 and 1998)
}}
{{Start model keyword table}}
{{Model keywords
|Model keywords=global
}}
{{End a table}}
{{Modeler information
|First name=Dennis
|Last name=Lettenmaier
|Type of contact=Technical contact
|Postal address 1=Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering
|Postal address 2=University of Washington, Box 352700
|Town / City=Seattle
|Postal code=98195-2700
|Country=United States
|State=Washington
|Email address=vicadmin@hydro.washington.edu
|Phone=206.685.1796
}}
}}
{{Model technical information
{{Model technical information
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|Code optimized=Single Processor
|Code optimized=Single Processor
|Does model development still take place?=Yes
|Does model development still take place?=Yes
|DevelopmentCode=Active
|DevelopmentCodeYearChecked=2020
|Model availability=As code
|Model availability=As code
|Source code availability=Through web repository
|Source code availability=Through web repository
|Source web address=http://www.hydro.washington.edu/Lettenmaier/Models/VIC/Development/BetaTesting.shtml
|Source web address=http://www.hydro.washington.edu/Lettenmaier/Models/VIC/Development/BetaTesting.shtml
|Program license type=Other
|Program license type=Other
|OpenMI compliant=No but possible
|CCA component=No but possible
|IRF interface=No but possible
}}
}}
{{Input - Output description
{{Input - Output description
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}}
}}
{{Process description model
{{Process description model
|Describe processes represented by the model=Land Cover and Soil
|Describe processes represented by the model=Land Cover and Soil Snow Model
Snow Model
Meteorology (Inputs, Distributed Precip, and Snow/Elevation Bands)
Meteorology (Inputs, Distributed Precip, and Snow/Elevation Bands)
Frozen Soil (including Permafrost)
Frozen Soil (including Permafrost)
Dynamic Lake/Wetland Model (new to 4.1.1)
Dynamic Lake/Wetland Model (new to 4.1.1)
Flow Routing
Flow Routing
|Describe key physical parameters and equations=Land Cover
|Describe key physical parameters and equations=Land Cover can subdivide each grid cell's land cover into arbitrary number of "tiles", each corresponding to the fraction of the cell covered by that particular land cover (e.g. coniferous evergreen forest, grassland, etc.)
can subdivide each grid cell's land cover into arbitrary number of "tiles", each corresponding to the fraction of the cell covered by that particular land cover (e.g. coniferous evergreen forest, grassland, etc.)
geographic locations or configurations of land cover types are not considered; VIC lumps all patches of same cover type into 1 tile
geographic locations or configurations of land cover types are not considered; VIC lumps all patches of same cover type into 1 tile
versions 4.1.0 and later include a lake/wetland cover type
fluxes and storages from the tiles are averaged together (weighted by area fraction) to give grid-cell average for writing to output files
for a given tile, jarvis-style veg stomatal response used in computing transpiration
4.1.0 and later can consider canopy energy balance separately from ground surface
Soil
arbitrary number of soil layers, but typically 3
infiltration into the top-most layers controlled by variable infiltration capacity (VIC) parameterization
top-most layers can lose moisture to evapotranspiration
gravity-driven flow from upper layers to lower layers
ARNO baseflow formulation for drainage from bottom layer
4.1.0 and later can simulate spatially-distributed (laterally) soil freezing
4.1.0 and later can simulate frozen soil and permafrost processes such as melting of excess ground ice
Snow Model
Snow Model
VIC considers snow in several forms: ground snow pack, snow in the vegetation canopy, and snow on top of lake ice. Main features:
VIC considers snow in several forms: ground snow pack, snow in the vegetation canopy, and snow on top of lake ice. Main features:


Ground snow pack is quasi 2-layer; the topmost portion of the pack is considered separately for solving energy balance at pack surface
Ground snow pack is quasi 2-layer; the topmost portion of the pack is considered separately for solving energy balance at pack surface
4.1.0 and later can consider spatially-distributed (laterally) snow coverage
4.1.0 and later can consider blowing snow sublimation
Meteorological Input Data
Meteorological Input Data
Can use sub-daily met data (prcp, tair, wind) at intervals matching simulation time step
Can use sub-daily met data (prcp, tair, wind) at intervals matching simulation time step
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Fluxes and storages from the bands are averaged together (weighted by area fraction) to give grid-cell average for writing to output files
Fluxes and storages from the bands are averaged together (weighted by area fraction) to give grid-cell average for writing to output files
However, the band-specific values of some variables can be written separately in the output files
However, the band-specific values of some variables can be written separately in the output files
Soil Thermal Solution
VIC can use either the approximate soil temperature profile of Liang et al. (1999) or a finite difference solution that takes soil ice content into account, vis a vis Cherkauer et al. (1999).


Liang et al. (1999): set QUICK_FLUX to TRUE in global parameter file; this is the default for FULL_ENERGY = TRUE and FROZEN_SOIL = FALSE.
Liang et al. (1999): set QUICK_FLUX to TRUE in global parameter file; this is the default for FULL_ENERGY = TRUE and FROZEN_SOIL = FALSE.
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By default, the nodes of the finite difference formulation are spaced linearly.
By default, the nodes of the finite difference formulation are spaced linearly.
These apply to the case QUICK_FLUX = FALSE and FROZEN_SOIL = TRUE, i.e. the formulation of Cherkauer et al. (1999).
These apply to the case QUICK_FLUX = FALSE and FROZEN_SOIL = TRUE, i.e. the formulation of Cherkauer et al. (1999).
New global parameter file option: IMPLICIT: allows for implicit solution
New global parameter file option: EXP_TRANS: allows for exponential node spacing
Excess Ice and Subsidence Model (new to 4.1.1)
Excess ice is the concentration of ice in excess of what the soil can hold were it unfrozen
Models the melting of excess ice in a soil layer that causes the ground to subside
Temperature Heterogeneity: "Spatial Frost"
Linear (uniform) distribution of soil temperature around a mean
Allows some moisture movement in soiil when the average temperature is below freezing
Dynamic Lake/Wetland Model (new to 4.1.1)
Multi-layer lake model of Hostetler et al. 2000
Energy balance model
Mixing, radiation attenuation, variable ice cover
Dynamic lake area (taken from topography) allows seasonal inundation of adjacent wetlands
Currently not a part of channel network
River Routing Model
Routing of stream flow is performed separately from the land surface simulation, using a separate model, typically the routing model of Lohmann, et al. (1996; 1998)
Each grid cell is represented by a node in the channel network
The total runoff and baseflow from each grid cell is first convolved with a unit hydrograph representing the distribution of travel times of water from its points of origin to the channel network
Then, each grid cell's input into the channel network is routed through the channel using linearized St. Venant's equations
}}
}}
{{Model testing
{{Model testing
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}}
}}
{{Users groups model
{{Users groups model
|Do you have current or future plans for collaborating with other researchers?=https://mailman2.u.washington.edu/mailman/listinfo/vic_users
|Do you have current or future plans for collaborating with other researchers?=https://mailman.u.washington.edu/mailman/listinfo/vic_users
}}
}}
{{Documentation model
{{Documentation model
|Provide key papers on model if any=Liang, X., D. P. Lettenmaier, E. F. Wood, and S. J. Burges, 1994: A Simple hydrologically Based Model of Land Surface Water and Energy Fluxes for GSMs, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D7), 14,415-14,428.
Liang, X., 1994: A Two-Layer Variable Infiltration Capacity Land Surface Representation for General Circulation Models, Water Resour. Series, TR140, 208 pp., Univ. of Washington, Seattle.
Liang, X., D. P. Lettenmaier, E. F. Wood, 1996: One-dimensional Statistical Dynamic Representation of Subgrid Spatial Variability of Precipitation in the Two-Layer Variable Infiltration Capacity Model, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D16) 21,403-21,422.
Liang, X., E. F. Wood, and D. P. Lettenmaier, 1996: Surface soil moisture parameterization of the VIC-2L model: Evaluation and modifications, Global and Planetary Change, 13, 195-206.
Liang, X., E. F. Wood, and D. P. Lettenmaier, 1999: Modeling ground heat flux in land surface parameterization schemes, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D8), 9581-9600.
Cherkauer, K. A. and D. P. Lettenmaier, 1999: Hydrologic effects of frozen soils in the upper Mississippi River basin, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D16), 19,599-19,610.
Liang, X., and Z. Xie, 2001: A new surface runoff parameterization with subgrid-scale soil heterogeneity for land surface models, Advances in Water Resources, 24(9-10), 1173-1193.
Cherkauer, K. A., L. C. Bowling, and D. P. Lettenmaier, 2003: Variable infiltration capacity cold land process model updates, Global and Planetary Change, 38, 151-159, 2003.
Bowling, L. C., J. W. Pomeroy and D. P. Lettenmaier, 2004: Parameterization of blowing snow sublimation in a macroscale hydrology model, J. Hydromet., 5(5), 745-762, doi: 10.1175/1525-7541.
Bowling, L.C. and D.P. Lettenmaier, 2008: Modeling the effects of lakes and wetlands on the water balance of Arctic environments, J. Hydromet. , (accepted).
Lohmann, D., R. Nolte-Holube, and E. Raschke, 1996: A large-scale horizontal routing model to be coupled to land surface parametrization schemes, Tellus, 48(A), 708-721.
Nijssen, B., Lettenmaier, D.P., Liang, X., Wetzel, W. and Wood, E.F., 1997: Stream simulation for continental-scale river basins, Water Resources Research, 33(4), pp711-724.
Lohmann, D., E. Raschke, B. Nijssen and D. P. Lettenmaier, 1998: Regional scale hydrology: I. Formulation of the VIC-2L model coupled to a routing model, Hydrol. Sci. J., 43(1), 131-141.
Lohmann, D., E. Raschke, B. Nijssen, and D. P. Lettenmaier, 1998: Regional Scale Hydrology: II. Application of the VIC-2L Model to the Weser River, Germany, Hydrological Sciences Journal, 43(1), 143-157.
Abdulla, F.A., D.P. Lettenmaier, E.F. Wood and J.A. Smith, 1996: Application of a macroscale hydrologic model to estimate the water balance of the Arkansas-Red river basin, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D3), 7449-7459.
Wood, E.F., D. Lettenmaier, X. Liang, B. Nijssen and S.W. Wetzel, 1997: Hydrological modeling of continental-scale basins Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 25, 279-300.
Nijssen, B.N., D.P. Lettenmaier, X. Liang, S.W. Wetzel, and E.F. Wood, 1997: Streamflow simulation for continental-scale river basins, Water Resour. Res., 33(4), 711-724.
Liang, X., E. F. Wood, D. Lohmann, D.P. Lettenmaier, and others, 1998: The Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes (PILPS) Phase-2c Red-Arkansas River Basin Experiment: 2. Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Energy Fluxes, J. Global and Planetary Change, 19, 137-159.
Lohmann, D. E. Raschke, B. Nijssen and D.P. Lettenmaier, 1998: Regional scale hydrology: II. Application of the VIC-2L model to the Weser river, Germany, Hydrol. Sci. J., 43(1), 143-158.
Hamlet, A.F. and D.P. Lettenmaier, 1999: Effects of Climate Change on Hydrology and Water Resources in the Columbia River Basin, Am. Water Res. Assoc., 35(6), 1597-1623.
Hamlet, A.F. and D.P. Lettenmaier, 1999: Columbia River Streamflow Forecasting Based on ENSO and PDO Climate Signals, ASCE J. of Water Res. Planning and Mgmt., 125(6), 333-341.
Leung, L.R., A.F. Hamlet, D.P. Lettenmaier and A. Kumar, 1999: Simulations of the ENSO Hydroclimate Signals in the Pacific Northwest Columbia River Basin, Bull. Am. Met. Soc., 80(11), 2313-2329.
Mattheussen, B., R.L. Kirschbaum, I.A. Goodman, G.M. O'Donnell and D.P. Lettenmaier, 2000: Effects of land cover change on streamflow in the interior Columbia river basin (USA and Canada), Hydrol. Process., 14, 867-885.
Hamlet, A.F. and D.P. Lettenmaier, 2000: Long-Range Climate Forecasting and its Use for Water Management in the Pacific Northwest Region of North America,J. Hydroinformatics, 02.3, 163-182.
Maurer, E.P., G.M. O'Donnell, D.P. Lettenmaier, and J.O. Roads, 2001: Evaluation of the Land Surface Water Budget in NCEP/NCAR and NCEP/DOE Reanalyses using an Off-line Hydrologic Model. J. Geophys. Res., 106(D16), 17,841-17,862.
Maurer, E.P., G.M. O'Donnell, D.P. Lettenmaier, and J.O. Roads, 2001: Evaluation of NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Water and Energy Budgets using Macroscale Hydrologic Simulations, In: Land Surface Hydrology, Meteorology, and Climate: Observations and Modeling, AGU series in Water Science and Applications, V. Lakshmi, J. Albertson, and J. Schaake eds.,pp. 137-158.
Nijssen, B.N., G.M. O'Donnell, D.P. Lettenmaier and E.F. Wood, 2001: Predicting the discharge of global rivers, J. Clim., 14, 3307-3323.
Nijssen, B.N., R. Schnur and D.P. Lettenmaier, 2001: Global retrospective estimation of soil moisture using the VIC land surface model, 1980-1993, J. Clim., 14, 1790-1808.
|Manual model available=No
|Manual model available=No
}}
}}
{{Additional comments model
{{Additional comments model
|Comments=unsure what type of lisence
|Comments=unsure what type of license
}}
}}
{{CSDMS staff part
|OpenMI compliant=No but possible
|IRF interface=No but possible
|CMT component=No but possible
|CCA component=No but possible
}}
{{Start coupled table}}
{{End a table}}
{{End headertab}}
{{{{PAGENAME}}_autokeywords}}
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==Introduction==
==Introduction==


== History ==
== History ==


== Papers ==
== References  ==
<br>{{AddReferenceUploadButtons}}<br><br>
{{#ifexist:Template:{{PAGENAME}}-citation-indices|{{{{PAGENAME}}-citation-indices}}|}}<br>
{{Include_featured_references_models_cargo}}<br>


== Issues ==
== Issues ==


== Help ==
== Help ==
{{#ifexist:Model_help:{{PAGENAME}}|[[Model_help:{{PAGENAME}}]]|}}


== Input Files ==
== Input Files ==


== Output Files ==
== Output Files ==
== Download ==
== Source ==

Latest revision as of 20:16, 16 September 2020



VIC


Metadata

Also known as
Model type Single
Model part of larger framework
Note on status model
Date note status model
Incorporated models or components:
Spatial dimensions 3D
Spatial extent Continental, Global, Regional-Scale
Model domain Hydrology
One-line model description VIC (Variable Infiltration Capacity) is a macroscale hydrologic model that solves full water and energy balances, originally developed by Xu Liang at the University of Washington.
Extended model description The VIC model is a large-scale, semi-distributed hydrologic model. As such, it shares several basic features with the other land surface models (LSMs) that are commonly coupled to global circulation models (GCMs):

The land surface is modelled as a grid of large (>1km), flat, uniform cells Sub-grid heterogeneity (e.g. elevation, land cover) is handled via statistical distributions. Inputs are time series of daily or sub-daily meteorological drivers (e.g. precipitation, air temperature, wind speed). Land-atmosphere fluxes, and the water and energy balances at the land surface, are simulated at a daily or sub-daily time step Water can only enter a grid cell via the atmosphere Non-channel flow between grid cells is ignored The portions of surface and subsurface runoff that reach the local channel network within a grid cell are assumed to be >> the portions that cross grid cell boundaries into neighboring cells Once water reaches the channel network, it is assumed to stay in the channel (it cannot flow back into the soil) This last point has several consequences for VIC model implementation:

Grid cells are simulated independently of each other Entire simulation is run for each grid cell separately, 1 grid cell at a time, rather than, for each time step, looping over all grid cells Meteorological input data for each grid cell (for the entire simulation period) are read from a file specific to that grid cell Time series of output variables for each grid cell (for the entire simulation period) are stored in files specific to that grid cell Routing of stream flow is performed separately from the land surface simulation, using a separate model (typically the routing model of Lohmann et al., 1996 and 1998)

Keywords:

global,

Name Dennis Lettenmaier
Type of contact Technical contact
Institute / Organization
Postal address 1 Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering
Postal address 2 University of Washington, Box 352700
Town / City Seattle
Postal code 98195-2700
State Washington
Country United States
Email address vicadmin@hydro.washington.edu
Phone 206.685.1796
Fax


Supported platforms
Unix, Linux
Other platform
Programming language

Other program language
Code optimized Single Processor
Multiple processors implemented
Nr of distributed processors
Nr of shared processors
Start year development
Does model development still take place? Yes
If above answer is no, provide end year model development
Code development status Active
When did you indicate the 'code development status'? 2020
Model availability As code
Source code availability
(Or provide future intension) 		Through web repository
Source web address http://www.hydro.washington.edu/Lettenmaier/Models/VIC/Development/BetaTesting.shtml
Source csdms web address
Program license type Other
Program license type other
Memory requirements
Typical run time


Describe input parameters Global Parameter File

user_def.h File Meteorological Forcing Files Soil Parameter File Vegetation Library File Vegetation Parameter File (Optional) Initial State File (Optional) Elevation Band File (Optional) Lake/Wetland Parameter File

Input format
Other input format http://www.hydro.washington.edu/Lettenmaier/Models/VIC/Documentation/Inputs.shtml
Describe output parameters http://www.hydro.washington.edu/Lettenmaier/Models/VIC/Documentation/Inputs.shtml
Output format ASCII, Binary
Other output format http://www.hydro.washington.edu/Lettenmaier/Models/VIC/Documentation/OutputVarList.shtml
Pre-processing software needed? Yes
Describe pre-processing software
Post-processing software needed? Yes
Describe post-processing software http://www.hydro.washington.edu/Lettenmaier/Models/VIC/Documentation/PostProcessing.shtml
Visualization software needed? No
If above answer is yes
Other visualization software


Describe processes represented by the model Land Cover and Soil Snow Model

Meteorology (Inputs, Distributed Precip, and Snow/Elevation Bands) Frozen Soil (including Permafrost) Dynamic Lake/Wetland Model (new to 4.1.1) Flow Routing

Describe key physical parameters and equations Land Cover can subdivide each grid cell's land cover into arbitrary number of "tiles", each corresponding to the fraction of the cell covered by that particular land cover (e.g. coniferous evergreen forest, grassland, etc.)

geographic locations or configurations of land cover types are not considered; VIC lumps all patches of same cover type into 1 tile Snow Model VIC considers snow in several forms: ground snow pack, snow in the vegetation canopy, and snow on top of lake ice. Main features:

Ground snow pack is quasi 2-layer; the topmost portion of the pack is considered separately for solving energy balance at pack surface Meteorological Input Data Can use sub-daily met data (prcp, tair, wind) at intervals matching simulation time step Can use daily met data (prcp, tmax, tmin, wind) for daily or sub-daily simulations Disaggregates daily met data to sub-daily via Thornton & Running algorithm and others (computes incoming sw and lw rad, pressure, density, vp) VIC can consider spatial heterogeneity in precipitation, arising from either storm fronts/local convection or topographic heterogeneity. Here we consider the influence of storm fronts and local convective activity. This functionality is controlled by the DIST_PRCP option in the global parameter file. Main features:

Can subdivide the grid cell into a time-varying wet fraction (where precipitation falls) and dry fraction (where no precipitation falls). The wet fraction depends on the intensity of the precipitation; the user can control this function. Fluxes and storages from the wet and dry fractions are averaged together (weighted by area fraction) to give grid-cell average for writing to output files. Elevation Bands VIC can consider spatial heterogeneity in precipitation, arising from either storm fronts/local convection or topographic heterogeneity. Here we consider the influence of topography, via elevation bands. This is primarily used to produce more accurate estimates of mountain snow pack. This functionality is controlled by the SNOW_BAND option in the global parameter file. Main features:

Can subdivide the grid cell into arbitrary number of elevation bands, to account for variation of topography within cell Within each band, meteorologic forcings are lapsed from grid cell average elevation to band's elevation Geographic locations or configurations of elevation bands are not considered; VIC lumps all areas of same elevation range into 1 band Fluxes and storages from the bands are averaged together (weighted by area fraction) to give grid-cell average for writing to output files However, the band-specific values of some variables can be written separately in the output files

Liang et al. (1999): set QUICK_FLUX to TRUE in global parameter file; this is the default for FULL_ENERGY = TRUE and FROZEN_SOIL = FALSE. Cherkauer et al. (1999): set QUICK_FLUX to FALSE in global parameter file; this is the default for FROZEN_SOIL = TRUE. By default, the finite difference formulation is an explicit method. By default, the nodes of the finite difference formulation are spaced linearly. These apply to the case QUICK_FLUX = FALSE and FROZEN_SOIL = TRUE, i.e. the formulation of Cherkauer et al. (1999).

Describe length scale and resolution constraints
Describe time scale and resolution constraints
Describe any numerical limitations and issues


Describe available calibration data sets
Upload calibration data sets if available:
Describe available test data sets
Upload test data sets if available:
Describe ideal data for testing http://www.hydro.washington.edu/Lettenmaier/Models/VIC/Development/BetaTesting.shtml


Do you have current or future plans for collaborating with other researchers? https://mailman.u.washington.edu/mailman/listinfo/vic_users
Is there a manual available? No
Upload manual if available:
Model website if any
Model forum / discussion board
Comments unsure what type of license


This part will be filled out by CSDMS staff

OpenMI compliant No but possible
BMI compliant No but possible
WMT component No but possible
PyMT component
Is this a data component
Can be coupled with:
Model info
Authors
Dennis Lettenmaier
Source code
Model citations
Nr. of publications: 647
Total citations: 39205
h-index: 91
m-quotient: 2.33
QR-code
Qrcode VIC.png
Link to this page
Other models by author



Introduction

History

References



Nr. of publications: 647
Total citations: 39205
h-index: 91
m-quotient: 2.33



Featured publication(s)YearModel describedType of ReferenceCitations
Miller, James R.; Russell, Gary L.; Caliri, Guilherme; 1994. Continental-Scale River Flow in Climate Models. Journal of Climate, 7, 914–928. 10.1175/1520-0442(1994)0072.0.CO;2
(View/edit entry)		1994 GISS AOM
VIC

Model overview

260
Liang, Xu; Wood, Eric F.; Lettenmaier, Dennis P.; 1996. Surface soil moisture parameterization of the VIC-2L model: Evaluation and modification. Global and Planetary Change, 13, 195–206. 10.1016/0921-8181(95)00046-1
(View/edit entry)		1996 VIC
 Model overview 799
Nijssen, Bart; Lettenmaier, Dennis P.; Liang, Xu; Wetzel, Suzanne W.; Wood, Eric F.; 1997. Streamflow simulation for continental-scale river basins. Water Resources Research, 33, 711–724. 10.1029/96WR03517
(View/edit entry)		1997 VIC
 Model overview 472
See more publications of VIC


Issues

Help

Input Files

Output Files

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