Property:Extended movie description
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Hurricane Rita was an intense tropical cyclone, which occurred in September 2005, a few weeks after hurricane Katrina. It was a really intense event, with high sustained winds (upto 38 m/s) and waves in the Gulf of Mexico were observed to be over 6 m high. The hurricane made landfall in Texas on September 24th, directly west of the area shown in this simulation.
This animation shows results of a Delft3D simulation to study the effects of Hurricane Rita on the Wax Lake delta in Atchafalaya Bay, Louisiana (USA). The model domain is 25 by 30km. We are showing a set of parameters of this hurricane event to compare the significant wave height (this animation), the water level and the erosion and deposition in the delta (other animations in the EKT repository).
This simulation explores the effect of vegetation on the islands in the delta. In the accompanying simulation vegetation was ignored, for this particular run vegetation is introduced as a roughness coefficient (vegetation is modeled based on 'cylinders' present in the flowing water).
The wave height in the Wax lake delta is rather low under normal conditions as you can see in the beginning of the animation. At high tide, wave heights may be a few 10's of cm's. On September 24th 2005 hurricane Rita approaches and sets down the water, wave heights are then still low. But when the hurricane makes landfall closeby, the delta is inundated by 2-3 m of water and waves become as high as 1.5m. Note that the waves are highest in the main channels of the delta (because the water is deeper there). You can see the effect of vegetation is small, the waves on the islands are only dampened slightly. The effect of vegetation is not as important for waves during a hurricane as it is during some more moderate storms. +
Hurricane Rita was an intense tropical cyclone, which occurred in September 2005, a few weeks after hurricane Katrina. It was a really intense event, with high sustained winds (upto 38 m/s) and waves in the Gulf of Mexico were observed to be over 6 m high. The hurricane made landfall in Texas on September 24th, directly west of the area shown in this simulation.
This animation shows results of a Delft3D simulation to study the effects of Hurricane Rita on the Wax Lake delta in Atchafalaya Bay, Louisiana (USA). The model domain is 25 by 30km. We are showing a set of parameters of this hurricane event to compare the significant wave height (this animation), the water level and the erosion and deposition in the delta (other animations in the EKT repository). The wave height in the Wax lake delta is rather low under normal conditions as you can see in hte beginningof the animation. At high tide, wave heights may be a few 10's of cm's. On September 24th 2005 hurricane Rita approaches and sets down the water, wave heights are then still low. But when the hurricane makes landfall closeby, the delta is inundated by 2-3 m of water and waves become as high as 1.6m. Note that the waves are highest in the main channels of the delta (because the water is deeper there). +
Hurricane Rita was an tropical cyclone, which occurred in September 2005. It was a really intense event, with high sustained winds (upto 38 m/s) and waves in the Gulf of Mexico were observed to be over 12 m high. The hurricane made landfall in Texas on September 24th.
This animation shows results of a Delft3D-SWAN simulation to study the effects of Hurricane Rita. The simulations were intended to model effect on the Wax Lake delta, as small delta in Atchafalaya Bay. Louisiana, USA. To simulate details in this small region a larger grid for the entire Gulf of Mexico had to be simulate to make sure the boundary conditions for the smaller-scale experiment were accurate. This method of nesting a detailed model experiment into a large scale modeling omain is commonly needed in coastal and estuarine modeling (and in weather modeling as well).
The Gulf of Mexico hydrodynamics model is driven by yet another set of large-scale modeling and observational data on tides and driven by winds. Tides are ingested at the at the ocean boundaries based on results from the TPXO 7.2 Global Inverse Tide Model (http://volkov.oce.orst.edu/tides/TPXO7.2.html). The input for the wind field with a spatial resolution of 0.05° and a temporal resolution of 15 minutes, comes from the combination of NOAA Hurricane Research Division Wind Analysis System (H*WIND, Powell et al., 1998), and the Interactive Objective Kinematic Analysis (IOKA) kinematic wind analysis Cox et al., 1995). Lastly, bathymetry is derived from the Louisiana Virtual Coast Data Archive (http://virtual-coast.c4g.lsu.edu/), in which NOAA’s bathymetry sounding database, the Digital Nautical Charts database, and the 5-minute gridded elevations/bathymetry for the world (ETOPO5) database are combined.
Here we show the SWAN model results for the large-scale modeling domain; it is roughly 800 by 700 km. You can see how Hurricane Rita approaches as an "eye" traveling through the Gulf of Mexico. The wave heights generated due to the storm are tremendously high!
On September 24th 2005 hurricane Rita approaches the coast and wave heights break in the shallower water.
Hurricane Rita was an tropical cyclone, which occurred in September 2005. It was a really intense event, with high sustained winds (upto 38 m/s) and waves in the Gulf of Mexico were observed to be over 6 m high. The hurricane made landfall in Texas on September 24th.
This animation shows results of a Delft3D simulation to study the effects of Hurricane Rita. The simulations were intended to model effect o the Wax Lake delta, as small delta in Atchafalaya Bay. Louisiana, USA. To simulate details in this small region a larger grid for the entire Gulf of Mexico had to be simulate to make sure the boundary conditions for the smaller-scale experiment were accurate. This method of nesting a detailed model experiment into a large scale modeling omain is commonly needed in coastal and estuarine modeling (and in weather modeling as well).
The Gulf of Mexico hydrodynamics model is driven by yet another set of large-scale modeling and observational data on tides and driven by winds.
Tides are ingested at the at the ocean boundaries based on results from the TPXO 7.2 Global Inverse Tide Model (http://volkov.oce.orst.edu/tides/TPXO7.2.html). The input for the wind field with a spatial resolution of 0.05° and a temporal resolution of 15 minutes, comes from the combination of NOAA Hurricane Research Division Wind Analysis System (H*WIND, Powell et al., 1998), and the Interactive Objective Kinematic Analysis (IOKA) kinematic wind analysis Cox et al., 1995). Lastly, bathymetry is derived from the Louisiana Virtual Coast Data Archive (http://virtual-coast.c4g.lsu.edu/), in which NOAA’s bathymetry sounding database, the Digital Nautical Charts database, and the 5-minute gridded elevations/bathymetry for the world (ETOPO5) database are combined.
Here we show results for the large-scale modeling domain; it is roughly 800 by 700 km. You can see how Hurrican Rita approaches as an "eye" traveling through the Gulf of Mexico. On September 24th 2005 hurricane Rita approaches the coast and sets down the water, then the eye passes and the coast experiences a high water level of ~2 m of water due to the storm surge.
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In general, trees roots help prevent erosion from small erosion events. However, when really high winds occur, trees can be uprooted and cause a big disturbance of the soil/surface.
This video shows a tree being battered by high winds, probably near 130 km/hr, during the landfall of Hurrican Sandy. When a hurricane makes landfall wind speeds are reduced compared to the winds speed above the ocean water surface, still, the wind speeds in the coastal zone can be very high. You can see the grass mat in the backyard of a home in Long Island ripping by the shallow rooted large tree that is falling over. Not how much sediment is brought up with the root mass.
Numerical models have been designed to capture this process (a model called TreeThrow features in the CSDMS model repository). +
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In this animation global precipitation is measured in millimeters and averaged by month for a year. The shift in monthly averaged precipitation due to seasonal changes is apparent as the monsoon season comes to Western India and the Bay of Bengal region starting in June. Additionally the areas of high, year round precipitation resulting in the tropical climates can be seen and easily contrasted with the areas of little to no rain resulting in more arid climates. The global air circulation that results in the precipitation patterns seen in this movie can be seen in the Global Circulation movie. +
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Effects of high horizontal displacement rates on landscape evolution & pull-apart basins formation +
In this example, we impose over 2 millions of years a deformation field produced with Underworld over an initial flat surface (256 km square box at a resolution of 1 km). Over the deformed surface, a landscape evolution model, Badlands, is used to simulate both hillslope (creep) and overland flow processes (detachment limited) induced by an uniform precipitation rate of 1 m/yr (surface process resolution lower around 250 m).
The continuous 3D deformation field from Underworld is imported every 5000 years in Badlands as an average displacement rate (horizontal & vertical). The geodynamics model boundary conditions forces the formation of pull-apart basins. The internal structure of these basins is highly variable both in space and time owing to complex stress fields and heterogeneous crustal rheology around the termination of the delimiting faults. This complexity has led to several unresolved problems regarding the kinematics and dynamics of pull-apart basins.
Using the coupling between Badlands and Underworld it is now possible to test the time-dependent deformation patterns within pull-apart basins, and the relation of these basins with the adjacent deformed structural domains. +
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Jacobshavn Glacier is one of the largest tide-water glaciers of Greenland. It is located on the West-coast, and drains into Disco Bay.
The movie shows a calving event recorded on the 5th of June, 2007. Tremendous ice blocks calve off the active calving front of the glacier. The glacier always moves fast; at about 20m /day, and calving happens continously. Amundson et al., report 32 large events within 1 year, mostly in the period May to August.
This event is gigantic, to give an idea of scale; the calving front above water is ~100m high, below water there is another 900m hidden. The blocks that break off are about 1000m wide and a few 100m in the downflow direction. The triangular block that you see overtopple in this movie sticks 200 m out of the water! +
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Long stretches of permafrost coast in the Arctic region consist of ice-rich sediments. These permafrost areas have been experiencing rapid warming over the last decades. The warming melts the permafrost, but it also exposes the coast longer to the forces of the ocean because the sea-ice free season has expanded.
This particular simulation shows the permafrost coast near DrewPoint, along the Alaskan Beaufort Sea.
At Drew Point, there are nowadays about twice as many days of open water than in the late 1970's. The simulation calculates the distance to the sea ice edge, which is 100's of kilometers in August.
This means that storms can generate larger waves during that time of the year. Also when a storm passes and there are sustained winds, water will be 'set up' against the coast. You can see this increase in teh water level in the movie.
Absorped heat in the ocean water melts the ice in the toppled block. The bluff is approximately 4.5 m high. The block is not necessarily eroded by waves, but also just by melt ( this is called - thermal erosion). The warm sea water needs to touch the block and then rapid melt will occur. The massive block disappears in about a week. +
Long stretches of permafrost coast in the Arctic region consist of ice-rich sediments. These permafrost areas have been experiencing rapid warming over the last decades. The warming melts the permafrost, but it also exposes the coast longer to the forces of the ocean because the sea-ice free season has expanded.
This particular movie shows the permafrost coast near DrewPoint, along the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. At Drew Point, there are nowadays about twice as many days of open water than in the late 1970's. This results in more absorption of heat in the ocean water. The bluff is approximately 4.5 m high, and the block in the movies is about 13 m long. The block is not necessarily eroded by waves, but also just by melt ( this is called - thermal erosion). The warm sea water needs to touch the block and then rapid melt will occur. The massive block disappears in about a week. +
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Meteorological offices worldwide forecast ocean wave heights for the shipping and fisheries industry. In the United States, NOAA's National Weather Service provides the wave forecasts. Just like in weather forecasting, scientists run numerical models to make these predictions.
This movie shows wave height calculations of a wave model called ‘WAVEWATCH III’. The movie shows 3 hourly model output over October 1st – October 31st, 2012.
On October 22nd 2012, the storm system Sandy started forming in the Caribbean Sea and moved towards the Antilles while intensifying. By Oct 24th, Sandy became a hurricane and made landfall near Kingston, Jamaica. Passing over land weakened the storm for some time, but winds picked up and hit Cuba and the Bahamas on Oct 25th. Again, the storm system briefly weakened and then strengthened again. On Oct 29th, Hurricane Sandy took an unusual course and started curving North-Northwest and moved ashore in New Jersey, affecting New York City.
The entire storm system was exceptionally large with high winds spanning a diameter of 1800 km (1100 miles). This large diameter meant really high waves could develop.
The WAVEWATCH III simulations show that the highest significant waves were 13.7m in the open ocean. At the New York harbor entrance, where some of the highest waves have already broken in shallower water, a buoy recorded wave heights of over 9m (32 ft).
In addition to the high local waves, storm surge increases the water level during hurricanes. Increasing water levels are caused both by the low pressure associated with a hurricane and with the water being pushed towards shore and being piled up. The storm surge for Hurricane Sandy increased sea level an additional 10ft near Manhattan, making the waves more impactful and causing much coastal flooding.
High winds, rain and snow, storm surge flooding and high waves caused loss of lives and extensive damage. Over the affected countries almost 150 people were killed. In the USA alone, about 570,000 buildings were heavily damaged. Many beaches along the Eastern US seaboard were eroded by the high waves. Throughout 24 states, there were 8.6 million power outages, trains did not run anymore and 20,000 flights were cancelled. The storm caused extensive flooding in lower Manhattan
Notable Features
• The storm system Sandy traveled over the Greater Antilles, Jamaica, Cuba and the Bahamas and then curved back Northwest to make landfall near New York City.
• Hurricane Sandy was the largest Atlantic hurricane on record with a diameter of 1800 km.
• Wind speeds during Sandy were as high as 185 km/hr
• WAVEWATCH III calculated wave heights as high as 13.7m.
• Many lives were lost, approximately 148 people were killed in the affected region.
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Meteorological offices worldwide forecast ocean wave heights for the shipping and fisheries industry. In the United States, NOAA's National Weather Service provides the wave forecasts. Just like in weather forecasting, scientists run numerical models to make these predictions.
This movie shows wave power calculations of one of the most commonly used wave models, called ‘WAVEWATCH III®’. WAVEWATCH III® uses global and regional wind data to calculate wind-driven waves every three hours. The model also takes into account the travel of waves beyond the edges of a storm system, the waves still continue to advance even when winds are diminished. These waves decrease in steepness and are called ‘swells’ and keep traveling for large distances. Swells propagate to faraway shorelines where there is no wind.
Notable Features
During the northern hemisphere winter, the most intense wave activity is located in the central North Pacific south of the Aleutian Islands, and in the central North Atlantic south of Iceland.
During the southern hemisphere winter, intense wave activity circumscribes the pole at around 50°S, with 5 m significant wave heights typical in the southern Indian Ocean.
You can identify the areas of coast that receive high wave power, like Australia, the West-coast of Southern France, Spain and Portugal, and the West Coast of the USA.
If you see this pattern it comes as no surprise that the current engineering experiments to harvest wave energy as a source of alternative energy are in those regions (Portugal, Orkney Islands, Scotland, Oregon, USA and along the Australian coast near Perth). +
Meteorological offices worldwide forecast ocean wave heights for the shipping and fisheries industry. In the United States, NOAA's National Weather Service provides the wave forecasts. Just like in weather forecasting, scientists run numerical models to make these predictions.
Wind blowing across the ocean surface generates most ocean waves. Waves just transmit energy; the water itself does not travel with the passing of the energy. The water particles simply move up and backwards, up and forward, down and forward and finally down and backward with the passing of a wave form. This motion gives ocean waves their name: orbital waves.
This movie shows wave height calculations of one of the most commonly used predictive models, called ‘WAVEWATCH III®’. WAVEWATCH III® uses global and regional wind data to calculate wind-driven waves every three hours.
We measure wave height, H, as the distance between the wave crest and trough. Note that waves come in fields containing a large variety of heights; the wave height distribution. To describe the wave field with a single number scientists use the ‘Significant Wave Height’. The Significant Wave Height Hs, is the mean wave height of the one-third highest waves in the wave field. This measure is the closest to what a sailor on a ship would estimate as ‘the average wave height’. Apparently our eyes are drawn to see the larger waves. This movie shows the significant wave height every 3 hours, worldwide for the year 2012.
Notable Features
• During the northern hemisphere winter, the most intense wave activity is located in the central North Pacific south of the Aleutian Islands, Alaska and in the central North Atlantic south of Iceland.
• During the southern hemisphere winter, intense wave activity circumscribes the South Pole at around 50°S, with 5 m significant wave heights being typical in the southern Indian Ocean.
• In the summer and early fall, it is peak hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean, because the temperature difference between the continent and ocean is the largest. The 2012 Atlantic hurricane season was very active; there were 19 named tropical storms and hurricanes. The earliest storms happened already in May 2012.
• Hurricane Sandy was the deadliest and costliest hurricane of 2012, it formed on October 22nd 2012. In total, the 2012 storms caused 355 known fatalities and nearly $71 billion in damage.
• The highest predicted significant wave height was 17m in 2012, but much higher waves occur occasionally in the open ocean.
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Ocean conditions near Galveston, Texas shortly before the landfall of Hurricane Ike.
The swell generated by this storm event can be seen by following this link to WAVEWATCH III^TM run. The storm is visible in the Gulf of Mexico on September 13th and 14th.
https://csdms.colorado.edu/wiki/Movie:WAVEWATCH_III_model_run_Sep_2008_to_Nov_2008 +
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One can see a big block calving of a tidewater glacier front. A tidewater glacier ends in a body of water, in this case Disko Bay in Western Greenland. The ice that calves of the glacier front forms floating icebergs.
Calving happens rapidly. One can often hear a crackling or booming noise and then see the ice tumble into the ocean. The ice mass can be extremely large, and this produce significant waves.
This movie was made from a boat sailing through the fjord. +
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Overview of the tsunami affecting the bay and city of Sendai, Japan. There is footage of ships being rolled over, cars being picked up and flooding of the nearby farmfield and city.
It is estimated that the tsunami was about 3-4 m high when it hit the shoreline, and it traveled upto 10 km inland.
This tsunami was generated by a 8.9 magnitude earthquake in the Pacific Ocean on March 11th, 2011. The epicenter of the earthquake was 130km offshore of Sendai. +
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Pomme de Terre River incision/aggradation history +
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Progressive incision of tidal channel networks in a theoretical domain, which is assumed to be surrounded by channels. The initial outlet is set to be in the middl of the lower boundary, the two other inlets are determined by internal dynamics.
The water surface gradients are driving erosion, and headward incision takes place as long as local shear stress due to tidal expansion exceeds a threshold stress. +
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River meander development with respect to time in an area of relatively low slope angle. +
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Rivers draining the West Greenland Ice Sheet are highly dynamic braided rivers. The water is of a milky color, because of the glacial flour it carries in suspension. In addition, the flow velocities are high and sound of coarse, cobble-sized bedload clashing into each other at the bed is evident. Banks and bars consist of a mix of cobbles, pebbles and fine sandy to silty material. The river is shallow. +
