Model:TOPMODEL

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TOPMODEL

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Summary Contact Technical specs In/Output Process Testing Other Component info Also known as Model type Modular Model part of larger framework Note on status model Date note status model Incorporated models or components: Spatial dimensions 2D Spatial extent Landscape-Scale, Watershed-Scale Model domain Terrestrial, Hydrology One-line model description Physically based, distributed watershed model that simulates hydrologic fluxes of water through a watershed Extended model description TOPMODEL is a physically based, distributed watershed model that simulates hydrologic fluxes of water (infiltration-excess overland flow, saturation overland flow, infiltration, exfiltration, subsurface flow, evapotranspiration, and channel routing) through a watershed. The model simulates explicit groundwater/surface water interactions by predicting the movement of the water table, which determines where saturated land-surface areas develop and have the potential to produce saturation overland flow. Keywords: basin, hydrological, Name Keith Beven Type of contact Model developer Institute / Organization Lancaster University, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences Postal address 1 Postal address 2 Town / City Lancaster Postal code LA1 4YQ State Country United Kingdom Email address K.Beven@lancaster.ac.uk Phone +44 (0)1524 593892 Fax Supported platforms Windows Other platform Programming language Fortran77 Other program language Visual Basic Code optimized Single Processor Multiple processors implemented Nr of distributed processors Nr of shared processors Start year development 1974 Does model development still take place? Yes If above answer is no, provide end year model development Code development status When did you indicate the 'code development status'? Model availability As code Source code availability (Or provide future intension) Through web repository Source web address https://cran.r-project.org/package=topmodel Source csdms web address Program license type Other Program license type other NOT SURE Memory requirements -- Typical run time Minutes Describe input parameters Model Inputs: Project file: Text description of application and input file names and paths. Catchment (watershed) data file: Watershed and subwatershed topographic index—ln(a/tan B) distributions and the following parameters: The mean soil surface transmissivity A transmissivity profile decay coefficient A root zone storage capacity An unsaturated zone time delay A main channel routing velocity and internal subwatershed routing velocity To use the infiltration excess mechanism, a hydraulic conductivity (or distribution), a wetting front suction and the initial near surface water content should be added. The initialization of each run requires an initial stream discharge and the root zone deficit. Hydrological input data file: rainfall, potential evapotranspiration, and observed discharge time series in m/h Topographic index map data file: the topographic index map may be prepared from a raster digital elevation file using the DTM-ANALYSIS program. This file includes number of pixels in X direction, number of pixels in Y direction, grid size, and topographic index values for each pair of X and Y. Input format ASCII, Binary Other input format Describe output parameters Model Interface Capabilities: There are three options available in the program interface: The Hydrograph Prediction Option: This option allows the model to be run and hydrographs displayed. If a Topographic Index Map File is available, then a map button is displayed that allows the display of predicted simulation, either as a summary over all timesteps or animated. The Sensitivity Analysis Option: This screen allows the sensitivity of the objective functions to changes of one or more of the parameters to be explored. The Monte Carlo Analysis Option: In this option a large number of runs of the model can be made using uniform random samples of the parameters chosen for inclusion in the analysis. Check boxes can be used to choose the variables and objective functions to be saved for each run. The results file produced will be compatible with the GLUE analysis software package. Output format ASCII, Binary Other output format Pre-processing software needed? No Describe pre-processing software Post-processing software needed? Yes Describe post-processing software TOPMODEL is integrated in GRASS GIS version 5. TOPSIMPL, another Windows version of the model written by Georges-Marie Saulnier can be downloaded directly from the main TOPMODEL site Visualization software needed? No If above answer is yes Other visualization software Describe processes represented by the model TOPMODEL is defined as a variable contributing area conceptual model in which the dynamics of surface and subsurface saturated areas is estimated on the basis of storage discharge relationships established from a simplified steady state theory for downslope saturated zone flows. The theory assumes that the local hydraulic gradient is equal to the local surface slope and implies that all points with the same value of the topographic index, a/tan B will respond in a hydrologically similar way. This index is derived from the basin topography, where a is the drained area per unit contour length and tan B is the slope of the ground surface at the location. Thus the model need make calculations only for representative values of the index. The results may then be mapped back into space by knowledge of the pattern of the index derived from a topographic analysis. Describe key physical parameters and equations Describe length scale and resolution constraints see the discussion of limitations in Beven et al., 1995 and Beven, 1997. Grid or subwatersheds Describe time scale and resolution constraints see the discussion of limitations in Beven et al., 1995 and Beven, 1997. Variable, from 1 to 24 hours Describe any numerical limitations and issues Model Limitations TOPMODEL only simulates watershed hydrology, although studies have been conducted to modify it to simulate water quality dynamics. TOPMODEL can be applied most accurately to watersheds that do not suffer from excessively long dry periods and have shallow homogeneous soils and moderate topography. Model results are sensitive to grid size, and grid size <=50 m is recommended. Describe available calibration data sets TOPMODEL calibration procedures are relatively simple because it uses very few parameters in the model formulas. The model is very sensitive to changes of the soil hydraulic conductivity decay parameter, the soil transmissivity at saturation, the root zone storage capacity, and the channel routing velocity in larger watersheds. The calibrated values of parameters are also related to the grid size used in the digital terrain analysis. The timestep and the grid size also have been shown to influence TOPMODEL simulations. Upload calibration data sets if available: Describe available test data sets Example of TOPMODEL simulation Upload test data sets if available: Media:TOPMODEL Example.zip Describe ideal data for testing Do you have current or future plans for collaborating with other researchers? -- Is there a manual available? No Upload manual if available: Model website if any https://cran.r-project.org/package=topmodel Model forum / discussion board Comments Linkages Supported: Links to GLUE (Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation) program for sensitivity/uncertainty/calibration analyses. This part will be filled out by CSDMS staff OpenMI compliant No but possible BMI compliant No but possible WMT component No but possible PyMT component Is this a data component Can be coupled with:

Model info Authors Keith Beven Source code Go to external source code site Model citations Nr. of publications: 569 Total citations: 34059 h-index: 91 m-quotient: 2.17 QR-code Link to this page Other models by author TOPMODEL

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Nr. of publications:	569
Total citations:	34059
h-index:	91
m-quotient:	2.17

Featured publication(s)	Year	Model described	Type of Reference	Citations
Beven, Keith; 1997. TOPMODEL: A critique. Hydrological Processes, 11, 1069–1085. 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199707)11:93.0.CO;2-O (View/edit entry)	1997	TOPMODEL	Model overview	602
Ambroise, Bruno; Beven, Keith; Freer, Jim; 1996. Toward a Generalization of the TOPMODEL Concepts: Topographic Indices of Hydrological Similarity. Water Resources Research, 32, 2135–2145. 10.1029/95WR03716 (View/edit entry)	1996	TOPMODEL	Model overview	330
Beven, Keith; Freer, Jim; 2001. A dynamic TOPMODEL. Hydrological Processes, 15, 1993–2011. 10.1002/hyp.252 (View/edit entry)	2001	TOPMODEL	Model overview	351
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