Model:TOPMODEL: Difference between revisions

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{{Model identity
|Model type=Modular
}}
{{Start models incorporated}}
{{End a table}}
{{Model identity2
|ModelDomain=Terrestrial, Hydrology
|Spatial dimensions=2D
|Spatialscale=Landscape-Scale, Watershed-Scale
|One-line model description=Physically based, distributed watershed model that simulates hydrologic fluxes of water through a watershed
|Extended model description=TOPMODEL is a physically based, distributed watershed model that simulates hydrologic fluxes of water (infiltration-excess overland flow, saturation overland flow, infiltration, exfiltration, subsurface flow, evapotranspiration, and channel routing) through a watershed. The model simulates explicit groundwater/surface­ water interactions by predicting the movement of the water table, which determines where saturated land-surface areas develop and have the potential to produce saturation overland flow.
}}
{{Start model keyword table}}
{{Model keywords
|Model keywords=basin
}}
{{Model keywords
|Model keywords=hydrological
}}
{{End a table}}
{{Modeler information
{{Modeler information
|First name=Keith
|First name=Keith
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|Institute / Organization=Lancaster University, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences
|Institute / Organization=Lancaster University, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences
|Town / City=Lancaster
|Town / City=Lancaster
|Postal code=LA1 4YQ  
|Postal code=LA1 4YQ
|State=NO STATE
|Country=United Kingdom
|Country=UK
|Email address=K.Beven@lancaster.ac.uk
|Email address=K.Beven@lancaster.ac.uk  
|Phone=+44 (0)1524 593892
|Phone=+44 (0)1524 593892
}}
{{Model identity
|Model type=Modular
|Categories=Hydrology, Terrestrial
|Spatial dimensions=2D
|Spatialscale=Landscape-Scale, Watershed-Scale
|One-line model description=Physically based, distributed watershed model that simulates hydrologic fluxes of water through a watershed
|Extended model description=TOPMODEL is a physically based, distributed watershed model that simulates hydrologic fluxes of water (infiltration-excess overland flow, saturation overland flow, infiltration, exfiltration, subsurface flow, evapotranspiration, and channel routing) through a watershed. The model simulates explicit groundwater/surface­ water interactions by predicting the movement of the water table, which determines where saturated land-surface areas develop and have the potential to produce saturation overland flow.
 
}}
}}
{{Model technical information
{{Model technical information
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|Start year development=1974
|Start year development=1974
|Does model development still take place?=Yes
|Does model development still take place?=Yes
|DevelopmentCode=Active
|DevelopmentCodeYearChecked=2020
|Model availability=As code
|Model availability=As code
|Source code availability=Through owner
|Source code availability=Through web repository
|Source web address=http://www.es.lancs.ac.uk/hfdg/freeware/hfdg_freeware_top.htm
|Source web address=https://cran.r-project.org/package=topmodel
|Program license type=Other
|Program license type=Other
|Program license type other=NOT SURE
|Program license type other=NOT SURE
|OpenMI compliant=No not possible
|CCA component=No not possible
|IRF interface=No not possible
|Memory requirements=--
|Memory requirements=--
|Typical run time=Minutes
|Typical run time=Minutes
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The initialization of each run requires an initial stream discharge and the root zone deficit.  
The initialization of each run requires an initial stream discharge and the root zone deficit.  
* Hydrological input data file: rainfall, potential evapotranspiration, and observed discharge time series in m/h  
* Hydrological input data file: rainfall, potential evapotranspiration, and observed discharge time series in m/h  
* Topographic index map data file: the topographic index map may be prepared from a raster digital elevation file using the DTM-ANALYSIS program. This file includes number of pixels in X direction, number of pixels in Y direction, grid size, and topographic index values for each pair of X and Y.  
* Topographic index map data file: the topographic index map may be prepared from a raster digital elevation file using the DTM-ANALYSIS program. This file includes number of pixels in X direction, number of pixels in Y direction, grid size, and topographic index values for each pair of X and Y.
|Input format=ASCII, Binary
|Input format=ASCII, Binary
|Describe output parameters=Model Interface Capabilities:
|Describe output parameters=Model Interface Capabilities:
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* The Hydrograph Prediction Option: This option allows the model to be run and hydrographs displayed. If a Topographic Index Map File is available, then a map button is displayed that allows the display of predicted simulation, either as a summary over all timesteps or animated.   
* The Hydrograph Prediction Option: This option allows the model to be run and hydrographs displayed. If a Topographic Index Map File is available, then a map button is displayed that allows the display of predicted simulation, either as a summary over all timesteps or animated.   
* The Sensitivity Analysis Option: This screen allows the sensitivity of the objective functions to changes of one or more of the parameters to be explored.  
* The Sensitivity Analysis Option: This screen allows the sensitivity of the objective functions to changes of one or more of the parameters to be explored.  
* The Monte Carlo Analysis Option: In this option a large number of runs of the model can be made using uniform random samples of the parameters chosen for inclusion in the analysis. Check boxes can be used to choose the variables and objective functions to be saved for each run. The results file produced will be compatible with the GLUE analysis software package.  
* The Monte Carlo Analysis Option: In this option a large number of runs of the model can be made using uniform random samples of the parameters chosen for inclusion in the analysis. Check boxes can be used to choose the variables and objective functions to be saved for each run. The results file produced will be compatible with the GLUE analysis software package.
 
|Output format=ASCII, Binary
|Output format=ASCII, Binary
|Pre-processing software needed?=No
|Pre-processing software needed?=No
|Describe pre-processing software=--
|Post-processing software needed?=Yes
|Post-processing software needed?=Yes
|Describe post-processing software=TOPMODEL is integrated in GRASS GIS version 5. TOPSIMPL, another Windows version of the model written by Georges-Marie Saulnier can be downloaded directly from the main TOPMODEL site
|Describe post-processing software=TOPMODEL is integrated in GRASS GIS version 5. TOPSIMPL, another Windows version of the model written by Georges-Marie Saulnier can be downloaded directly from the main TOPMODEL site
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}}
}}
{{Process description model
{{Process description model
|Describe processes represented by the model=TOPMODEL is defined as a variable contributing area conceptual model in which the dynamics of surface and subsurface saturated areas is estimated on the basis of storage discharge relationships established from a simplified steady state theory for downslope saturated zone flows. The theory assumes that the local hydraulic gradient is equal to the local surface slope and implies that all points with the same value of the topographic index, a/tan B will respond in a hydrologically similar way. This index is derived from the basin topography, where a is the drained area per unit contour length and tan B is the slope of the ground surface at the location. Thus the model need make calculations only for representative values of the index. The results may then be mapped back into space by knowledge of the pattern of the index derived from a topographic analysis.  
|Describe processes represented by the model=TOPMODEL is defined as a variable contributing area conceptual model in which the dynamics of surface and subsurface saturated areas is estimated on the basis of storage discharge relationships established from a simplified steady state theory for downslope saturated zone flows. The theory assumes that the local hydraulic gradient is equal to the local surface slope and implies that all points with the same value of the topographic index, a/tan B will respond in a hydrologically similar way. This index is derived from the basin topography, where a is the drained area per unit contour length and tan B is the slope of the ground surface at the location. Thus the model need make calculations only for representative values of the index. The results may then be mapped back into space by knowledge of the pattern of the index derived from a topographic analysis.
 
|Describe length scale and resolution constraints=see the discussion of limitations in Beven et al., 1995 and Beven, 1997.
|Describe length scale and resolution constraints=see the discussion of limitations in Beven et al., 1995 and Beven, 1997.
Grid or subwatersheds  
Grid or subwatersheds
 
|Describe time scale and resolution constraints=see the discussion of limitations in Beven et al., 1995 and Beven, 1997.
|Describe time scale and resolution constraints=see the discussion of limitations in Beven et al., 1995 and Beven, 1997.
Variable, from 1 to 24 hours  
Variable, from 1 to 24 hours
 
|Describe any numerical limitations and issues=Model Limitations  
|Describe any numerical limitations and issues=Model Limitations  
* TOPMODEL only simulates watershed hydrology, although studies have been conducted to modify it to  
* TOPMODEL only simulates watershed hydrology, although studies have been conducted to modify it to  
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* TOPMODEL can be applied most accurately to watersheds that do not suffer from excessively long dry  
* TOPMODEL can be applied most accurately to watersheds that do not suffer from excessively long dry  
periods and have shallow homogeneous soils and moderate topography.  
periods and have shallow homogeneous soils and moderate topography.  
* Model results are sensitive to grid size, and grid size <=50 m is recommended.
* Model results are sensitive to grid size, and grid size <=50 m is recommended.
 
}}
}}
{{Model testing
{{Model testing
|Describe available calibration data sets=TOPMODEL calibration procedures are relatively simple because it uses very few parameters in the model formulas. The model is very sensitive to changes of the soil hydraulic conductivity decay parameter, the soil transmissivity at saturation, the root zone storage capacity, and the channel routing velocity in larger watersheds. The calibrated values of parameters are also related to the grid size used in the digital terrain analysis. The timestep and the grid size also have been shown to influence TOPMODEL simulations.  
|Describe available calibration data sets=TOPMODEL calibration procedures are relatively simple because it uses very few parameters in the model formulas. The model is very sensitive to changes of the soil hydraulic conductivity decay parameter, the soil transmissivity at saturation, the root zone storage capacity, and the channel routing velocity in larger watersheds. The calibrated values of parameters are also related to the grid size used in the digital terrain analysis. The timestep and the grid size also have been shown to influence TOPMODEL simulations.
 
|Describe available test data sets=Example of TOPMODEL simulation
|Describe available test data sets=Example of TOPMODEL simulation
|Model test data=TOPMODEL Example.zip,  
|Model test data=TOPMODEL Example.zip,
|Describe ideal data for testing=--
}}
}}
{{Users groups model
{{Users groups model
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}}
}}
{{Documentation model
{{Documentation model
|Provide key papers on model if any=Key papers for TOPMODEL:
*Beven, K J and M J. Kirkby. 1979. A physically based variable contributing area model of basin hydrology. Hydrologic Science Bulletin. 24(1):43-69.
*Beven, K.J., M.J. Kirkby, N. Schofield, and A.F. Tagg. 1984. Testing a physically-based flood forecasting model (TOPMODEL) for three U.K. Catchments. Journal of Hydrology. 69:119- 143. 
*Hornberger, G.M., K.J. Beven, B.J. Cosby, and D.E. Sappington. 1985. Shenandoah watershed study: Calibration of a topography-based, variable contributing area hydrological model to a small forested catchment. Water Resources Research. 21:1841-1850.
*Obled, Ch., J. Wendling, and K.J. Beven. 1994. The sensitivity of hydrological models to spatial rainfall patterns: An evaluation using observed data. Journal of Hydrology. 159: 305-333.
*Robson, A.J., K.J. Beven, and C. Neal. 1992. Towards identifying sources of subsurface flow: A comparison of components identified by a physically based runoff model and those determined by mixing techniques. Hydrological Processes. 6:199-214.
*Robson, A.J., P.G. Whitehead, and R.C. Johnson. 1993. An application of a physically based semi-distributed model to the Balquhidder Catchments. Journal of Hydrology. 145:357-370.
*Wolock, D.M. 1995. Effects of subbasin size on topographic characteristics and simulated flow paths in Sleepers River Watershed, Vermont. Water Resources Research. 31(8):1989-1997. 
*Wolock, D.M., G.M. Hornberger, and T.M. Musgrove. 1990. Topographic effects on flow path length and surface water chemistry of the Llyn Brianne Catchments in Wales. Journal of Hydrology. 115:243-259. 
|Manual model available=No
|Manual model available=No
|Model website if any=http://www.es.lancs.ac.uk/hfdg/freeware/hfdg_freeware_top.htm
|Model website if any=https://cran.r-project.org/package=topmodel
|Provide key papers on model if any=Key Papers:
*'''Beven, K J and M J. Kirkby. 1979. A physically based variable contributing area model of basin hydrology. Hydrologic Science Bulletin. 24(1):43-69. Doi: ([http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667909491834 10.1080/02626667909491834]).'''
 
*'''Beven, K.J., M.J. Kirkby, N. Schofield, and A.F. Tagg. 1984. Testing a physically-based flood forecasting model (TOPMODEL) for three U.K. Catchments. Journal of Hydrology. 69:119- 143. Doi: ([http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(84)90159-8 10.1016/0022-1694(84)90159-8]).'''
 
*'''Hornberger, G.M., K.J. Beven, B.J. Cosby, and D.E. Sappington. 1985. Shenandoah watershed study: Calibration of a topography-based, variable contributing area hydrological model to a small forested catchment. Water Resources Research. 21:1841-1850. Doi: ([http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/WR021i012p01841 10.1029/WR021i012p01841]).'''
 
*'''Obled, Ch., J. Wendling, and K.J. Beven. 1994. The sensitivity of hydrological models to spatial rainfall patterns: An evaluation using observed data. Journal of Hydrology. 159: 305-333. Doi: ([http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90263-1 10.1016/0022-1694(94)90263-1]).'''
 
*'''Robson, A.J., K.J. Beven, and C. Neal. 1992. Towards identifying sources of subsurface flow: A comparison of components identified by a physically based runoff model and those determined by mixing techniques. Hydrological Processes. 6:199-214.'''
 
Other Papers:
*Robson, A.J., P.G. Whitehead, and R.C. Johnson. 1993. An application of a physically based semi-distributed model to the Balquhidder Catchments. Journal of Hydrology. 145:357-370. Doi: ([http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(93)90063-F 10.1016/0022-1694(93)90063-F]).
 
*Wolock, D.M. 1995. Effects of subbasin size on topographic characteristics and simulated flow paths in Sleepers River Watershed, Vermont. Water Resources Research. 31(8):1989-1997. Doi: ([http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95WR01183 10.1029/95WR01183]).
 
*Wolock, D.M., G.M. Hornberger, and T.M. Musgrove. 1990. Topographic effects on flow path length and surface water chemistry of the Llyn Brianne Catchments in Wales. Journal of Hydrology. 115:243-259. Doi: ([http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90207-E 10.1016/0022-1694(90)90207-E]).
}}
}}
{{Additional comments model
{{Additional comments model
|Comments=Linkages Supported: Links to GLUE (Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation) program for sensitivity/uncertainty/calibration analyses.  
|Comments=Linkages Supported: Links to GLUE (Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation) program for sensitivity/uncertainty/calibration analyses.
 
}}
{{CSDMS staff part
|OpenMI compliant=No but possible
|IRF interface=No but possible
|CMT component=No but possible
|CCA component=No but possible
}}
}}
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{{End a table}}
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==Introduction==
==Introduction==
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== History ==
== History ==


== Papers ==
== References  ==
<br>{{AddReferenceUploadButtons}}<br><br>
{{#ifexist:Template:{{PAGENAME}}-citation-indices|{{{{PAGENAME}}-citation-indices}}|}}<br>
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== Issues ==
== Issues ==


== Help ==
== Help ==
{{#ifexist:Model_help:{{PAGENAME}}|[[Model_help:{{PAGENAME}}]]|}}


== Input Files ==
== Input Files ==
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== Output Files ==
== Output Files ==


== Download ==
[[Category:Source code not available]]
 
== Source ==

Latest revision as of 20:17, 16 September 2020



TOPMODEL


Metadata

Also known as
Model type Modular
Model part of larger framework
Note on status model
Date note status model
Incorporated models or components:
Spatial dimensions 2D
Spatial extent Landscape-Scale, Watershed-Scale
Model domain Terrestrial, Hydrology
One-line model description Physically based, distributed watershed model that simulates hydrologic fluxes of water through a watershed
Extended model description TOPMODEL is a physically based, distributed watershed model that simulates hydrologic fluxes of water (infiltration-excess overland flow, saturation overland flow, infiltration, exfiltration, subsurface flow, evapotranspiration, and channel routing) through a watershed. The model simulates explicit groundwater/surface water interactions by predicting the movement of the water table, which determines where saturated land-surface areas develop and have the potential to produce saturation overland flow.
Keywords:

basin, hydrological,

Name Keith Beven
Type of contact Model developer
Institute / Organization Lancaster University, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences
Postal address 1
Postal address 2
Town / City Lancaster
Postal code LA1 4YQ
State
Country United Kingdom
Email address K.Beven@lancaster.ac.uk
Phone +44 (0)1524 593892
Fax


Supported platforms
Windows
Other platform
Programming language

Fortran77

Other program language Visual Basic
Code optimized Single Processor
Multiple processors implemented
Nr of distributed processors
Nr of shared processors
Start year development 1974
Does model development still take place? Yes
If above answer is no, provide end year model development
Code development status Active
When did you indicate the 'code development status'? 2020
Model availability As code
Source code availability
(Or provide future intension) 		Through web repository
Source web address https://cran.r-project.org/package=topmodel
Source csdms web address
Program license type Other
Program license type other NOT SURE
Memory requirements --
Typical run time Minutes


Describe input parameters Model Inputs:
  • Project file: Text description of application and input file names and paths.
  • Catchment (watershed) data file: Watershed and subwatershed topographic index—ln(a/tan B) distributions and the following parameters:
    • The mean soil surface transmissivity
    • A transmissivity profile decay coefficient
    • A root zone storage capacity
    • An unsaturated zone time delay
    • A main channel routing velocity and internal subwatershed routing velocity

To use the infiltration excess mechanism, a hydraulic conductivity (or distribution), a wetting front suction and the initial near surface water content should be added.

The initialization of each run requires an initial stream discharge and the root zone deficit.

  • Hydrological input data file: rainfall, potential evapotranspiration, and observed discharge time series in m/h
  • Topographic index map data file: the topographic index map may be prepared from a raster digital elevation file using the DTM-ANALYSIS program. This file includes number of pixels in X direction, number of pixels in Y direction, grid size, and topographic index values for each pair of X and Y.
Input format ASCII, Binary
Other input format
Describe output parameters Model Interface Capabilities:

There are three options available in the program interface:

  • The Hydrograph Prediction Option: This option allows the model to be run and hydrographs displayed. If a Topographic Index Map File is available, then a map button is displayed that allows the display of predicted simulation, either as a summary over all timesteps or animated.
  • The Sensitivity Analysis Option: This screen allows the sensitivity of the objective functions to changes of one or more of the parameters to be explored.
  • The Monte Carlo Analysis Option: In this option a large number of runs of the model can be made using uniform random samples of the parameters chosen for inclusion in the analysis. Check boxes can be used to choose the variables and objective functions to be saved for each run. The results file produced will be compatible with the GLUE analysis software package.
Output format ASCII, Binary
Other output format
Pre-processing software needed? No
Describe pre-processing software
Post-processing software needed? Yes
Describe post-processing software TOPMODEL is integrated in GRASS GIS version 5. TOPSIMPL, another Windows version of the model written by Georges-Marie Saulnier can be downloaded directly from the main TOPMODEL site
Visualization software needed? No
If above answer is yes
Other visualization software


Describe processes represented by the model TOPMODEL is defined as a variable contributing area conceptual model in which the dynamics of surface and subsurface saturated areas is estimated on the basis of storage discharge relationships established from a simplified steady state theory for downslope saturated zone flows. The theory assumes that the local hydraulic gradient is equal to the local surface slope and implies that all points with the same value of the topographic index, a/tan B will respond in a hydrologically similar way. This index is derived from the basin topography, where a is the drained area per unit contour length and tan B is the slope of the ground surface at the location. Thus the model need make calculations only for representative values of the index. The results may then be mapped back into space by knowledge of the pattern of the index derived from a topographic analysis.
Describe key physical parameters and equations
Describe length scale and resolution constraints see the discussion of limitations in Beven et al., 1995 and Beven, 1997.

Grid or subwatersheds

Describe time scale and resolution constraints see the discussion of limitations in Beven et al., 1995 and Beven, 1997.

Variable, from 1 to 24 hours

Describe any numerical limitations and issues Model Limitations
  • TOPMODEL only simulates watershed hydrology, although studies have been conducted to modify it to

simulate water quality dynamics.

  • TOPMODEL can be applied most accurately to watersheds that do not suffer from excessively long dry

periods and have shallow homogeneous soils and moderate topography.

  • Model results are sensitive to grid size, and grid size <=50 m is recommended.


Describe available calibration data sets TOPMODEL calibration procedures are relatively simple because it uses very few parameters in the model formulas. The model is very sensitive to changes of the soil hydraulic conductivity decay parameter, the soil transmissivity at saturation, the root zone storage capacity, and the channel routing velocity in larger watersheds. The calibrated values of parameters are also related to the grid size used in the digital terrain analysis. The timestep and the grid size also have been shown to influence TOPMODEL simulations.
Upload calibration data sets if available:
Describe available test data sets Example of TOPMODEL simulation
Upload test data sets if available: Media:TOPMODEL Example.zip
Describe ideal data for testing


Do you have current or future plans for collaborating with other researchers? --
Is there a manual available? No
Upload manual if available:
Model website if any https://cran.r-project.org/package=topmodel
Model forum / discussion board
Comments Linkages Supported: Links to GLUE (Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation) program for sensitivity/uncertainty/calibration analyses.


This part will be filled out by CSDMS staff

OpenMI compliant No but possible
BMI compliant No but possible
WMT component No but possible
PyMT component
Is this a data component
Can be coupled with:
Model info
Authors
Keith Beven
Source code
Model citations
Nr. of publications: 569
Total citations: 34059
h-index: 91
m-quotient: 2.17
QR-code

Link to this page
Other models by author


Introduction

History

References



Nr. of publications: 569
Total citations: 34059
h-index: 91
m-quotient: 2.17



Featured publication(s)YearModel describedType of ReferenceCitations
Beven, Keith; 1997. TOPMODEL: A critique. Hydrological Processes, 11, 1069–1085. 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199707)11:93.0.CO;2-O
(View/edit entry)		1997 TOPMODEL
 Model overview 602
Ambroise, Bruno; Beven, Keith; Freer, Jim; 1996. Toward a Generalization of the TOPMODEL Concepts: Topographic Indices of Hydrological Similarity. Water Resources Research, 32, 2135–2145. 10.1029/95WR03716
(View/edit entry)		1996 TOPMODEL
 Model overview 330
Beven, Keith; Freer, Jim; 2001. A dynamic TOPMODEL. Hydrological Processes, 15, 1993–2011. 10.1002/hyp.252
(View/edit entry)		2001 TOPMODEL
 Model overview 351
See more publications of TOPMODEL


Issues

Help

Input Files

Output Files

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