Property:Extended data description
From CSDMS
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T
TPXO6.2 is a medium-resolution, 1/4o x 1/4o global model developed by Gary Egbert and coworkers at Oregon State University. The model domain includes ocean cavities under the floating ice shelves. The principal assimilated data set is TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) satellite radar altimetry, between +/-66o latitude. However, the model also includes patches for various "coastal" oceans, including the Antarctic (assimilating tide gauge data used in circum-Antarctic inverse model CADA00.10 and the Ross Sea height-based inverse model Ross_Inv_2002, and the Arctic (cf. the Arctic inverse model AOTIM-5). TPXO6.2 is one of the most accurate global tidal solutions, particularly for high latitudes since it utilizes recent Antarctic grounding line information and Antarctic and Arctic tide height data.
The load tide associated with TPXO6.2 (denoted "TPXO62_load") is a correction to TPXO6.2 to account for the deformation of the solid earth due to the added weight of water above it. The correction is usually a few percent of the local tidal amplitude. The load tide is used to correct the ocean tide to a geocentric tide height (e.g., the displacement of the ocean's free surface as measured by a satellite altimeter. The load tide is roughly out-of-phase with the ocean tide. Thus, adding the predicted load tide to the ocean tide leads to smaller tide heights. For altimetry, this means that the altimetrically-observed tide-forced variation of, say, an ice shelf surface, is typically less than the ocean tide. The load tide (or, more precisely, the "ocean self attraction and loading" term), is also required to correct the barotropic pressure gradient (i.e., sea surface slope) in the shallow water wave equations used to run dynamically based tide models.
The load tide is not the same as the earth's own body-tide response to lunar and solar gravitation: the body tide must be estimated separately from solid-earth models if required. However, the load tide is defined under continents as well as under the ocean: ocean tides force deformation of the earth's crust well inland of the coastal boundary (see the above figure).
TPXO62_load is distributed with a Matlab Graphical User Interface ("GUI") called "TMD" (the Tide Model Driver). TMD can be used to quickly access and browse the model, and to make load tide height predictions. The TMD package also contains scripted functions for use in batch-mode Matlab processing. For an overview of the GUI and scripts, view or download the README PDF file. For FORTRAN access, please go to the Oregon State "OTIS" web page.
TRMM, during its mission and broad sampling footprint between 35°N and 35°S, is providing some of the first detailed and comprehensive dataset on the four dimensional distribution of rainfall and latent heating over vastly undersampled oceanic and tropical continental regimes. Combined with concurrent measurement of the atmosphere's radiation budget, estimates of the total diabatic heating are being realized for the first time ever on a global scale.
TRMM will fill many gaps in our understanding of rainfall properties and their variation. These includes:
# frequency distributions of rainfall intensity and areal coverage;
# the partitioning of rainfall into convective and stratiform categories;
# the vertical distribution of hydrometeors (including the structure and intensity of the stratiform region bright band);
# variation of the timing of heaviest rainfall - particularly nocturnal intensification of large mesoscale convective systems over the oceans, and diurnal intensification of orographically and sea-breezed forced systems over land.
TRMM will enable mapping of larger time and space variations of rainfall in quasi-periodic circulation anomalies, such as the Madden-Julian oscillation in the western Pacific and ENSO over the broader Pacific basin. +
N
The 3 arc-second U.S. Coastal Relief Model (CRM) provides the first comprehensive view of the U.S. coastal zone, integrating offshore bathymetry with land topography into a seamless representation of the coast. The CRM spans the U.S. East and West Coasts, the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii, reaching out to, and in places even beyond, the continental slope.
Bathymetric data sources include the U.S. National Ocean Service Hydrographic Database, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and various other academic institutions. Topographic data are from the USGS and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). Volumes 3 through 5 also use bathymetric contours from the International Bathymetric Chart of the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico project. +
C
The CGIAR-CSI GeoPortal is able to provide SRTM 90m Digital Elevation Data for the entire world. The SRTM digital elevation data, produced by NASA originally, is a major breakthrough in digital mapping of the world, and provides a major advance in the accessibility of high quality elevation data for large portions of the tropics and other areas of the developing world. The SRTM digital elevation data provided on this site has been processed to fill data voids, and to facilitate it's ease of use by a wide group of potential users. This data is provided in an effort to promote the use of geospatial science and applications for sustainable development and resource conservation in the developing world. Digital elevation models (DEM) for the entire globe, covering all of the countries of the world, are available for download on this site. The SRTM 90m DEM's have a resolution of 90m at the equator, and are provided in mosaiced 5 deg x 5 deg tiles for easy download and use. All are produced from a seamless dataset to allow easy mosaicing. These are available in both ArcInfo ASCII and GeoTiff format to facilitate their ease of use in a variety of image processing and GIS applications. Data can be downloaded using a browser or accessed directly from the ftp site. +
D
The Dartmouth Flood Observatory uses orbital remote sensing to detect, measure, and map river discharge and river flooding.
Water discharge is measured by the River Watch processor, based on a feed of NASA AMSR-E satellite microwave data. It produces a remote sensing signal that tracks river discharge at 2500+ carefully selected river measurement sites.
Flooding is monitored by the MODIS sensors, to map floods as they occurred. +
E
The Data Catalog is a place to discover experimental datasets. Here, you can find metadata (following standardized Dublin Core guidelines) to maximize discoverability of your experimental datasets or use search for existing datasets based on metadata categories. +
G
The GIMMS (Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies) data set is a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) product available for a 25 year period spanning from 1981 to 2006. The data set is derived from imagery obtained from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) instrument onboard the NOAA satellite series 7, 9, 11, 14, 16 and 17. This is an NDVI dataset that has been corrected for calibration, view geometry, volcanic aerosols, and other effects not related to vegetation change. +
The GRDC is an international archive of data up to 200 years old, and fosters multinational and global long-term hydrological studies. Originally established two decades ago, the aim of the GRDC is to help earth scientists analyse global climate trends and assess environmental impacts and risks. Positioned as a facilitator for exchanges between data providers and data users, the GRDC has become a focal point for international cooperation. Researchers, universities and other organisations make use of the facilities available for research programmes and projects.
The Global Runoff Database at GRDC is a unique collection of river discharge data collected at daily or monthly intervals from more than 7300 stations in 156 countries. This adds up to around 280 000 station-years with an average record of 38 years. The GRDC provides discharge data and data products for non-commercial applications.
The GRDC operates under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and supports research on global climate change and integrated water resources management. The German Federal Institute of Hydrology (Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde or BfG) hosts the GRDC in Koblenz near the confluence of the Moselle and Rhine Rivers. +
The GSHHG is a high-resolution geography data set, amalgamated from two databases in the public domain: World Vector Shorelines (WVS) and CIA World Data Bank II (WDBII). The former is the basis for shorelines while the latter is the basis for lakes, although there are instances where differences in coastline representations necessitated adding WDBII islands to GSHHG. The WDBII source also provides political borders and rivers. GSHHG data have undergone extensive processing and should be free of internal inconsistencies such as erratic points and crossing segments. The shorelines are constructed entirely from hierarchically arranged closed polygons.
GSHHG combines the older GSHHS shoreline database with WDBII rivers and borders, available in either ESRI shapefile format or in a native binary format. Geography data are in five resolutions: crude(c), low(l), intermediate(i), high(h), and full(f). Shorelines are organized into four levels: boundary between land and ocean (L1), boundary between lake and land (L2), boundary between island-in-lake and lake (L3), and boundary between pond-in-island and island (L4). +
The Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) project is supported by European Commission, Joint Research Center and Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy. The GHSL produces new global spatial information, evidence-based analytics, and knowledge describing the human presence in the planet. The GHSL relies on the design and implementation of new spatial data mining technologies allowing to process automatically and extract analytics and knowledge from large amount of heterogeneous data including: global, fine-scale satellite image data streams, census data, and crowd sources or volunteering geographic information sources. Spatial data reporting objectively and systematically about the presence of population and built-up infrastructures are necessary for any evidence-based modelling or assessing of i) human and physical exposure to threats as environmental contamination and degradation, natural disasters and conflicts, ii) impact of human activities on ecosystems, and iii) access to resources. The project produces thematic information and evidence-based analytical knowledge supporting the implementation of EU regional urban policy and the 4 international post-2015 frameworks, namely: Sustainable Development Goals, Global Urban Agenda, Climate Change and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. Also, the project supports international scientific partnerships facilitating science-policy interface in the frame of the Group of Earth Observation (GI-21: Human Planet Initiative https://www.earthobservations.org/activity.php?id=51 ), and bi-lateral scientific collaborations with space agencies and scientific organizations of Brazil, China and South Africa.
This data package contains an assessment of the REGIOOECD “degree of urbanization” model using as input the population GRID cells in four epochs (2015, 2000, 1990, and 1975). +
The Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP) was launched in 1992 by the International Lithosphere Program (ILP) with the support of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), and endorsed as a demonstration program in the framework of the United Nations International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (UN/IDNDR).
In order to mitigate the risk associated to the recurrence of earthquakes, the GSHAP promotes a regionally coordinated, homogeneous approach to seismic hazard evaluation; the ultimate benefits are improved national and regional assessments of seismic hazards, to be used by national decision makers and engineers for land use planning and improved building design and construction. +
H
The HWSD is a 30 arc-second raster database with over 16000 different soil mapping units that combines existing regional and national updates of soil information worldwide (SOTER, ESD, Soil Map of China, WISE) with the information contained within the 1:5 000 000 scale FAO-UNESCO Soil Map of the World (FAO, 19711981).
The resulting raster database consists of 21600 rows and 43200 columns, which are linked to harmonized soil property data. The use of a standardized structure allows for the linkage of the attribute data with the raster map to display or query the composition in terms of soil units and the characterization of selected soil parameters (organic Carbon, pH, water storage capacity, soil depth, cation exchange capacity of the soil and the clay fraction, total exchangeable nutrients, lime and gypsum contents, sodium exchange percentage, salinity, textural class and granulometry).
26 March, 2009 - Version 1.1 now includes SOTER/SOTWIS data for The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Rwanda, Senegal, and Gambia.
Reliability of the information contained in the database is variable: the parts of the database that still make use of the Soil Map of the World such as North America, Australia, West Africa and South Asia are considered less reliable, while most of the areas covered by SOTER databases are considered to have the highest reliability (Central and Southern Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Central and Eastern Europe). +
The HydroLAKES database was designed as a digital map repository to include all lakes with a surface area of at least 10 ha. Version 1 comprises the shoreline polygons of 1,427,688 individual lakes. HydroLAKES aims to be as comprehensive and consistent as possible at a global scale and contains both freshwater and saline lakes, including the Caspian Sea, as well as human-made reservoirs and regulated lakes. The HydroLAKES database was created by compiling, correcting, and unifying several near-global and regional datasets, foremost the SRTM Water Body Data (SWBD; Slater et al., 2006) for regions from 56˚S to 60˚N, and CanVec (Natural Resources Canada, 2013) for most North American lakes. Map generalization methods were applied and some polygon outlines were smoothed during the mapping process to ensure spatial consistency of the data. The resulting map scale is estimated to be between 1:100,000 and 1:250,000 for most lakes globally, with some coarser ones at 1:1 million. +
I
The ICE-5G (VM2) model mathematically analyses glacio-isostatic adjustment processes and provides model data on global ice sheet coverage, ice thickness and paleotopography at 10 min spatial resolution for 21ka and 0ka, and at 1degree spatial resolution for intervals in between these snapshots. These are NETCDF files. +
N
The Indian National River Linking Project (NRLP), or Indian Rivers Interlinking project (IRI), proposes a major redistribution of water resources over the Indian subcontinent. A large engineering effort is proposed to redistribute monsoonal water from the Himalayas and foothills, store water in reservoirs, and route it via canals ("links") to the drier regions of Southern India. A total of 29 links and 43 dams and barrages are proposed as part of the project.
The plan would provide water resources for agriculture, drinking water and industrial use to a growing population in central and southern India, while potentially improving flood control in the northern and mountainous areas. The project would also result in a major reorganization of watersheds, with possible impacts on ecosystems and the environment. There would be impacts on trans-boundary rivers.
Here provided are two databases: (1) the dams database, with locations, operating specifications, sources, and notes on population expected to be displaced; and (2) the canals database, with locations, operating specifications, and further notes. The databases are available as shapefiles for GIS visualization - click a feature to see its database information. A "rivers" shapefile is also available for help in generating visualizations. Note that the rivers are not currently labeled in the shapefile. Raw txt/csv format is also available for the canals and dams databases. An annotated reference list is included to give specifics on the sources from which each number was obtained and/or calculated.
The databases are constructed from hundreds of government reports, geo-referenced maps, planning and design documents and Open Street Map data. For full methodology and calculations regarding displaced populations, see the accompanying manuscript: Higgins et al., 2017. For the graph database tool used to calculate basin connectivity changes and water discharge changes for given river mouths, see the github page: https://github.com/sahiggin/NRLP .
M
The MERIT DEM was developed by removing multiple error components (absolute bias, stripe noise, speckle noise, and tree height bias) from the existing spaceborne DEMs (SRTM3 and AW3D). It represents the terrain elevations at a 3sec resolution (~90m at the equator), and covers land areas between 90N-60S. The data is freely available for research and education purpose. +
N
The Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium (MRLC) has completed the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2001 products for the conterminous United States, Hawaii, Alaska and Puerto Rico at 30 m cell resolution. The NLCD 2001 products (land cover, impervious surface and canopy density) were generated from a standardized set of data layers mosaicked by mapping zone. Typical zonal layers included multi-season Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 imagery centered on a nominal collection year of 2001, and Digital Elevation Model based derivatives at 30 meters spatial resolution. NLCD 2001 used an improved classification algorithm from NLCD 1992, resulting in a more precise rendering of spatial boundaries between 16 classes of land cover (additional classes are available in coastal areas and Alaska only). +
The National Elevation Dataset (NED) is the primary elevation data product of the USGS. The NED is a seamless dataset with the best available raster elevation data of the conterminous United States, Alaska, Hawaii, and territorial islands. The NED is updated on a nominal two month cycle to integrate newly available, improved elevation source data. All NED data are public domain. The NED is derived from diverse source data that are processed to a common coordinate system and unit of vertical measure. NED data are distributed in geographic coordinates in units of decimal degrees, and in conformance with the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83). All elevation values are in meters and, over the conterminous United States, are referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88). The vertical reference will vary in other areas. NED data are available nationally (except for Alaska) at resolutions of 1 arc-second (about 30 meters) and 1/3 arc-second (about 10 meters), and in limited areas at 1/9 arc-second (about 3 meters). In most of Alaska, only lower resolution source data are available. As a result, most NED data for Alaska are at 2-arc-second (about 60 meters) grid spacing. Part of Alaska is available at the 1- and 1/3-arc-second resolution, and plans are in development for a significant improvement in elevation data coverage of the state. +
The National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) is the surface-water component of The National Map. The NHD is a comprehensive set of digital spatial data that represents the surface water of the United States using common features such as lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, canals, streamgages, and dams. Polygons are used to represent area features such as lakes, ponds, and rivers; lines are used to represent linear features such as streams and smaller rivers; and points are used to represent point features such as streamgages and dams. Lines also are used to show the water flow through area features such as the flow of water through a lake. The combination of lines is used to create a network of water and transported material flow to allow users of the data to trace movement in downstream and upstream directions. +
The National Ocean Service (NOS) Hydrographic Data Base (NOSHDB), maintained by NGDC in conjunction with NOS, provides extensive survey coverage of the coastal waters and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the United States and its territories. The NOSHDB contains data digitized from smooth sheets of hydrographic surveys completed between 1851 and 1965, and from survey data acquired digitally on NOS survey vessels since 1965.
Over 76 million soundings from over 6600 surveys are now included in the NOSHDB. These data may be searched and downloaded online using the Hydrographic Survey Data Map Service (an interactive map and data discovery tool at NGDC; https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/maps/bathymetry/?layers=nos_hydro&minx=-200&maxx=-50&miny=10&maxy=70). The NOSHDB data with search and retrieval software are also available on a DVD-ROM or CD-ROM set.
Data products from NOS surveys, including BAG files, descriptive reports (DRs), smooth sheet images, survey data images, textual gridded data, and sidescan sonar mosaics, are available for download from NGDC using the Hydrographic Survey Data Map Service. +
