********************************************************************************
*************   INFORMATION ABOUT  TISC  (file tisc.info.txt)   ****************
********************************************************************************


	INDEX
1.- Syntax and use of TISC
2.- Introduction
3.- Program structure and its compilation
4.- Inputs
5.- Outputs
6.- Graphic outputs
7.- The conceptual model
8.- The algorithms and numerical methods
9.- Improvements in successive versions
10.- Model limitations
11.- Credits
12.- FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions
13.- Glossary
14.- Acknowledgements
15.- References


1.- SYNTAX AND USE OF TISC
	tisc  project	-B<bound_type> -D[xmin/xmax/ymin/ymax] -d<dx>[/<dy>] 
		-e<Kriv>[/<Kdif>] -F[<file>] -h[i|u|p|c] -l -M<lith_type> 
		-N<Nx>[/<Ny>] -o -P[c[geom]] -p<rain>[/<Krain>] -Q<file> 
		-q<param>=<value> -R<random_topo>[/<seed>] -r<e|c|i|m|a><dens> 
		-S -s<solver> -T<eet> -t<i|f|d|e|v|r><time> -V[<level>] 

	Options (all optional):
		'project' is the root name of model files (i.e., if modelname='test'
			then the parameters file should	be 'test.PRM' 
			and the first load 'test1.UNIT'. See their 
			formats below.
		'-B' Sets boundary conditions (see doc/template.PRM file).
		'-D' Set the model region (domain) [m]. 
		'-d' To set dx and dy grid cell dimensions. 
		'-e' To set the constants of fluvial transport capacity 
			[kg/m3] and diffusive transport [m2/a]. 
			-e0 suppresses surface transport calculations.
		'-F' To continue (resume) a previous model reading <file>.
			<file> is a binary file written by tisc as 
			'project.all' (default file is 'project.all').
			Put this option always *after* the project name
			in the command.
		'-h' To show this information file. Append 'p' to print the 
			default parameters file in stdout; 'c' to print 
			a clean version of it. 'u' to print an example 
			of load file; 'i' (default) to print this help 
			file.
		'-l' To artificially fill with sediment all lakes except sea.
		'-M' Sets the plate model: 0 means no isostasy; 1 elastic 
			plate (with -T0 produces local isostasy); 
			2 for viscoelastic plate.
		'-N' To set Nx and Ny of gridding. Ny<Nx optimises computa-
			tion time.
		'-o' Redirects standard output to file projectname.out.
		'-P' To produce a postscript graphic display using GMT. Append 
			c to make it every time step and convert the PS 
			files into GIF (uses the ImageMagick 'convert 
			utility'). Append PS geometry (default is: 
			-Pc"-trim -density 120", which crops the rectangle 
			used and then saves it into GIF format with 120dpi.
		'-p' Sets the amount of runoff [l/m2/a]=[mm/a] and its pro-
			portionality with height [mm/a/km]. -p0 suppres-
			ses the hydrological calculations.
		'-Q' With this option TISC will just calculate the elastic 
			deflection of <file> (3 columns: 
			x[m],y[m],pressure[Pa]). Will write deflection 
			to the standard output and exit the program.
		'-q' Sets any othe parameters value listed in 
			./tisc/doc/template.PRM file. <value> must be
			given in internal program units (usually IS).
		'-R' Add random noise to the initial topography between 
			-random_topo/2 and +random_topo/2. seed is an 
			integer.
		'-r' Sets density of environment (e), crust (c), infill (i),
			mantle (m) or asthenosphere (a).
		'-s' Add 'm' to use 'mathlib' to solve the flexural 
			equations.
		'-T' Sets elastic thickness to <eet_value>. 0 means local 
			isostasy (faster calculation).
		'-t' Sets initial (i), final (f), increment (d), surface 
			processes (e), viscous relaxation (v) or 
			sediment-unit-record (r) times.
		'-V' Means verbose mode with additional run-time prints. 
			Add '<level>' for additional i/o information.
			See doc/template.PRM file for level 
			specification. 

	Other important sources of information on the use and characteristics
	of tisc are found in the default parameter file ./tisc/doc/template.PRM

	Examples:
		See examples in ./tisc/demo/README file and subdirectories there.

	Signals meaning during execution:
		l    calculating new load.
		u    defining new unit.
		e/s  calculating erosion/sedimentation.
		ft   calculating fluvial transport.
		e    calculating elastic deflection.
		v    calculating viscoelastic deflection.


	Orientative execution time of a one-step elastic flexure:
	PLATFORM				GRID	 TIME  COMPUT.PURCHASE
	----------------------------------------------------------------------
	*PC pentium III + Linux (nikolai):	81x81 ->  23s	1995
					       141x141-> 270s	1995
	*RISC6000 (africa.ija):			21x21 ->   3s	1996
						41x41 ->  30s	1996
						81x81 -> 375s	1996
	*RISC6000: optimised compilation:      121x61 ->  40s	1996
	*              "         " and genspd: 121x61 ->   4s	1996
	*SUN Ultra 5 (drift.geo.vu):	       141x141-> 300s	1997
	*SUN Ultra 10 (coral.geo.vu):	       141x141-> 120s	1997
	*SUN Ultra 2 Sparc Creator (magma.ija): 81x81 ->  32s	1997
	                                       141x141-> 252s	1999
	*SUN Sparc3 750MHz (~26.4kEur, erebus):141x141->  60s	2002-02
	*Linux (~1.5kEur, cuba.ija):		81x81 ->   2s	2003-09
					       141x141->  23s	2003-09
	                                       301x301-> 440s	2003-09
	*Linux (~3.5kEur Dell, cuba.ija):      141x141->   4s	2007-06
	                                       301x301-> 116s	2007-06
	                                       401x401-> 585s	2007-06
	

2.- INTRODUCTION
	TISC is a program simulating 4 processes related to orogenesis and
	sedimentary  basin formation: crustal tectonic deformation (approached
	by vertical shear, i.e., preserving the vertical thickness of moving
	tectonic bodies),  lithospheric vertical movements (assuming the
	lithosphere behaves as an elastic or viscoelastic  flexural plate),
	climate (assuming a certain set of climatic parameters such as
	precipitation, evaporation or humidity), and erosion/sediment transport
	carried out by surface processes including the river network
	(transport  capacity proportional to water discharge and slope). 
	The most complex among these is the surface transport, which
	incorporates the calculation of the  river network, a simplified
	hydrological balance, and the extension of possible lakes.
	TISC is a pseudo-3D (planform) version of the code tAo, which works in
	cross-section.
	Look at the bibliography (in particular the paper by Garcia-Castellanos
	[2002]) referred in the documentation attached to learn more about the
	fundamentals of the calculations.

      THIS PROGRAM IS PARTICULARLY DESIGNED TO:
	.To calculate lithospheric flexure. It can be used externally (from a
	unix script) as a flexure  calculator, as part of a shell script (see
	option -Q).
	.To calculate erosion, fluvial transport, and sedimentation. 
	.To parameterise drainage changes
	.To model foreland basin formation and large-scale sedimentary 
	infill geometries.


3.- PROGRAM STRUCTURE AND ITS COMPILATION
	TISC is written in C under Linux. 
	Check the file ./tisc/README for details on compilation.
	In case of troubles read the FAQ section in this document.


4.- INPUTS
    Input parameter values are taken from: (a) parameters file 'project.PRM',
  (b) command line  options, (c) other input files named 'project.*' (with an
  uppercase  extension), and (d) from the 'project.all' file if -F option is
  used.  (b) values override (a); (c) overrides (a) and (b); (d) overrides (a)
  and (c). Default units are I.S. 
    All the following input files accept comment lines to be inserted
  everywhere. These lines  will simply be ignored if a float or a parameter
  name cannot be read at the  beginning.

  'project.PRM' 
	Parameters file:
	This file has to be provided obligatorily. The parameter values defined 
	in it can be also changed with the command line options.
	'tisc/doc/template.PRM' file is an explained example. The use of each
	parameter is also explained in the file 'tisc.h'.

  'projectN.UNIT'
	File modifying the geometry/architecture of the model (i.e, introducing
	new bodies, tectonic blocks, or faults). 
	'N' is the number of this load; first load file should be: 
	'project1.UNIT'      ('doc/template.UNIT' file is an explained example).
	See 'Interpolation' at the end of this section.

  'project.EET'
	Elastic thickness file (optional, if not present EET will be constant,
	equal to that specified in the *.PRM file). The file format is, e.g.:
	[z_default --]		#Default value of the elastic thickness.
	[mode_interp  -]	#See template.UNIT for explanation of this parameter.
	x1  y1	thickness1
	x2  y2	thickness2
	x3  y3	thickness3
	...
	Or:
	[mode_interp  4]
	thickness1
	x1  y1
	x2  y2
	x3  y3
	thickness2
	x2  y2
	x1  y1
	...

  'project.PFL' 
	This file (optional) defines a x-y polygon corresponding to the cross 
	section that will be written in a '*.pfl' file. Default is no cross
	section.
 	The file format is: 
 	
	x1  y1
	x2  y2
	x3  y3
	...

  'project.ZINI'
	Initial topography (optional). Similar format to 'project.EET'.

  'project.WINI'
	Initial deflection file (optional):	
	Similar format to 'project.EET'. Positive deflection downwards.

  'project.RAIN'
	Runoff distribution (optional):
	Similar format to 'project.EET'. Units: mm/a. Negative values and
	undefined cells are interpreted as no-data and substituted by the
	automatic calculation from the parameters in *.PRM. The values in
	*.RAIN are kept constant through the entire model evolution. 
	
  'project.NDEF'
	Allows to change properties of specific nodes:
	Format:

	x	y	param 	value
	...	...     ...	...
	
	the closest node to x,y will be changed: 'param' determines what
	parameter is changed at that node:   1: to add water discharge at x,y
	(m3/s).  2: to add sediment discharge (kg/s).

  'project.SLV'
	Evolution of the sea level and the level separating erosion and 
	sedimentation levels (optional):
	Format:

	time1	s_level1	[eroslevel1]
	time2	s_level2
	time3	s_level3	[eroslevel2]
	...	...     	[...]

  'project.REC'
	Horizon recording times file (optional, defaults to dt_record 
	parameter, see *.PRM file):
	Format:

	time1
	time2
	time3
	...

  'project.RIV'
	Initial river paths that must be respected by the initial topography.
	When introducing a Digital Elevation Model through the *.ZINI file, the
	grid may not respect the path of the rivers because of its limited
	resolution, which generates unrealistic barriers. This file must be 
	introduced in order to allow the program to modify the topographic grid
	and fit it to the drainage network. Introduce river in x-y format
	starting from the highest point.  Different segments can be separated
	by lines starting with '>'. 

  'projectN.VISC'
	Only required if a thin sheet unit has been defined. Contains the
	viscosity x,y distribution for unit 'N', but only its thermal component
	(~ .1e7).
	Similar format to 'project.EET'. 

  'project.TSBC' 
	Only required if defining a thin sheet units. Boundary conditions of
	the thin sheet velocity or stress field for the units is defined to
	undergo a  thin-sheet-like deformation. Format is:
	N'type'
	x1	vx1	vy1
	x2	vx2	vy2
	x3	vx3	vy3
	S'type'
	...
	E'type'
	y1	vx1	vy1
	y2	vx2	vy2
	y3	vx3	vy3
	W'type'
	...
	N, S, E, and W indicate the boundary.  vx,vy depend on 'type': type=1
	means vx,vy are the components of  the velocity [km/My] at the
	boundary; type=12 fixes stress TAUxx and  TAUxy; type=13  fixes
	TAUxx,TAUyy; type=23 fixes TAUxy,TAUyy; type=4 means free slip
	(nomal_vel=0 and TAUxy=0).

  'project.CMP' 
  	This file defines x-y polygons (in km) separated with a '>', used 
	only to be plotted in the postscript image, just for comparison with
	model results.

  'project.INT' 
  	This file defines a x-y polygon (in km) of interest where certain 
	statistics should be performed during the execution of graphic scripts. 
	No effect on model results. 


  Interpolation:
  Most TISC input files define 3D surfaces or 2D planform distributions of a 
  variable. To facilitate this, TISC uses different ways of interpolation 
  between given points. These interpolation modes are defined in the PRM file
  or in the header of the UNIT file. For example, interpolation mode 0
  indicates that Nx*Ny values of <x,y,variable> should be read from the file. 
  Read the specifications for each mode in tisc/doc/template.UNIT.
  If the mode_interp is set to 4 or 7 then x-y polygons are read with  an
  associated z-value. In this case the format is:

	mode_interp  4
	z_value_pol_1	[n|c]
	x_pol1_1      y_pol1_1
	x_pol1_2      y_pol1_2
	x_pol1_3      y_pol1_3
	...
	z_value_pol_2	[n|c]
	x_pol2_1      y_pol2_1
	x_pol2_2      y_pol2_2
	x_pol2_3      y_pol2_3
	...

  For mode_interp=4 or 7, if 'c' is specified for a polygon, the z value inside
  that poligon will be constant. If 'n' is specified (default), the z value
  interpolated for all nodes falling inside that polygon but outside the next
  polygon will vary linearly with the distance to both polygons. 




5.- OUTPUTS
	Output files have instead a lowercase extension:
  'project.hrz'	Final geometry of all units (altitude of all the
		  horizons).
  'project.xyzt' Isostatic (flexural) subsidence (deflection w) along 
  		  time.
  'project.all'	Binary file with all the information to resume the model
		  (see -F option)
  'project.xyw'	Drainage network. Mass transport rate. Type of node
		  ('R'=river; 'L' for lake; 'E' for lake outlet; 'S'
		  for sea).
		Column #1 x(km) 
		Column #2 y(km) 
		Column #3 water(m3/s) 
		Column #4 sed[kg/s] 
		Column #5 type 
		Column #6 topo[m] 
		Column #7 x-to 
		Column #8 y-to 
		Column #9 topo-to 
		Column #10 precipt[mm/y] 
		Column #11 ice_thick[m] 
		Column #12 ice_sed_load[m]
  'project.bas'	Similar to the previous, but hierarchically sorting 
  		  the nodes according to hydrographic (sub)basins.
		  Within each basin, nodes are sorted downstream (every
		  entry drains to another entry later in the list. 
		Column #1 x[km] 
		Column #2 y[km]
		Column #3 dischg[m3/s]
		Column #4 masstr[kg/s] 
		Column #5 type
		Column #6 topo[m]
		Column #7 length[km] Length along channel from river mouth.
		Column #8 x-to
		Column #9 y-to
		Column #10 topo-to[m]
		Column #11 length-to[km]
		Column #12 eros[m/My]
		Column #13 level
		Column #14 nodes_above
  'project.lak'	Lake information.
  'project.st'	Total erosion/sedimentation and present rate (in
		  equivalent meters of denscrust).
  'project.pfl'	Cross section along path defined in *.PFL
  'project.ps'	Postscript file produced using GMT software.
  

6.- GRAPHIC OUTPUT
  'project.ps' 
		A multipage postscript produced with GMT 4.0 software (Wessel &
		Smith, 1995, http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/soest/gmt.html) (using 
		a unix script: './tisc/script/tisc.*.gmt.job'), with graphics of
		all the results of TISC:
			.Distribution of loads/units and the deflected basement
			compared with the 'project.CMP' file if it exists.
			.Drainage, sediment thickness, uplift rate.


7.- THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL
  The conceptual model implicit in TISC assumes that a thin, flat lithospheric
  plate floating on the asthenosphere supports isostatically the mass movements
  at the surface. These are related to erosion/deposition and tectonic
  movements. Erosion/deposition can be calculated as related to diffusion
  (hill-slope), river transport and landsliding. Tectonic deformation is
  calculated by defining faults and shortening/thinning velocities and assuming
  a vertical shear model.

  The flexural deflection of the lithosphere allows for lateral variations of
  elastic thickness and accounts for vertical P forces.
  How to turn the force tensor P an angle beta to obtain P':
    Px' = Px*c2 + Py*s2 + Pxy * 2*sc;
    Py' = Px*s2 + Py*c2 - Pxy * 2*sc;
    Pxy'= (Py-Px)*sc + Pxy*(c2-s2);
  Where c2 = cos(beta)*cos(beta);  s2 = sin(beta)*sin(beta);  sc = sin(beta)*cos(beta);
  Use the command #nawk 'BEGIN{beta=-22.5/180*3.1415927; Px=0;Py=25e12;Pxy=0; c2 = cos(beta)*cos(beta);  s2 = sin(beta)*sin(beta);  sc = sin(beta)*cos(beta); print "Px= " Px*c2 + Py*s2 + Pxy * 2*sc, "Py= " Px*s2 + Py*c2 - Pxy * 2*sc, "Pxy= " (Py-Px)*sc + Pxy*(c2-s2);}'


8.- THE ALGORITHMS AND NUMERICAL METHODS


9.- IMPROVEMENTS IN SUCCESSIVE VERSIONS
   v1.0 (1994) Proto-model or numerical algorithm to calculate thin plate 
   	elastic and viscoelastic flexure in 3D.
   v2.0 (1995) Moving tectonic loads implemented.
   v3.0 (1995) Thrust loading, surface processes and sediment deformation
   	implemented.
   v3.1 (1996,97) Improvement on surface transport accounting for lakes and 
	river power law. Arbitrary cross sections of model are now possible.
	Comments allowed in  files interpolated with modes other than 4.
   v3.2 (Sept.1999) Completely trustful river transport including lake 
	deposition. '*.RIV' input file is now read to  determine the rivers
	that are required to exit at initial time  (initial topo is changed to
	fit to this rivers). Change in param. file keeping compatibility with
	3.1. Parameters are now read in any order and non of them is required
	in the '.PRM'  file. This will allow to keep compatibility easily in
	future versions. Moreover, now is possible to resume a model that was
	stopped, which  will allow more freedom to change parameters during
	execution avoiding new input files (option -F);  
   v3.3 (Feb.2000) Inclusion of evaporation in lakes and occurrence of 
	underburden (non overflown) lakes. New output files for lake '*.lak'
	and river basin information '*.bas'.
   v4.0 (Jul.2000) Time dependence of sea level (*.SLV) and  definition of the
	horizons to be marked (*.REC). Change in load input files
	(*.CRG-->*.LOAD-->*.UNIT): Faults  cut sediments; Each unit can  have
	different erodability. Drainage  including lake evaporation WORKS!!!
	Thin sheet units with dynamic  deformation.  Different BCs available for
	erosion. (Jan.2002) A constant porosity P is assumed for  the
	sediments, so that denssedim is the total mean density: densedim = 
	P*1020+(1-P)*bulkdensity (water contributes as load, but not as
	detritic mass). Tracking of new users. 
   v4.1 (Sept. 2002) Node edition through file  '*.NDEF'. Isostatic effect of
	the weight of lake water. Landsliding. Willgoose's fluvial incision
	model. Files *.H0 and *.W0 are now called *.ZINI and *.WINI, 
	respectively. Orographic precipitation following Roe et al. 2003. 
	(Feb. 2004) Glaciar ice flow and glaciar erosion and transport (Knap 
	et al., ; Braun et al., 2001).
   v4.2	(Nov.2004) Change of name to TISC (the command is 'tisc'). 
   TISC_2007_07_24 Change in version nomenclature. Debug of drainage network 
   	calculation, now very robust even with evaporation. Parameters
	switch_debug and switch_verbose now joint into verbose_level.


10.- MODEL LIMITATIONS
	  TISC doesn't account for deformation in lower crust or mantle, and the
	deformation in the upper crust (by shortening) is kinematically 
	introduced in the model. Subduction is not considered either. Different
	velocities of shortening for each detachment fault are (still) not 
	implemented.
	  Deformation is performed in a very primitive way (preserving vertical
	thickness of the moving bodies: vertical shear approach).
	  Gradual sediment compaction is not considered, but this shouldn't
	affect the  sediment onlap/offlap geometry in the external side of the
	foreland basin, but only the thickness of the units.
	  Grain size or sediment facies distribution of the deposits are not
	differentiated.
	  Abrupt changes of EET produce numerical instabilities that can be 
	easily detected by increasing the number of discretisation nodes in the
	model (Nx,Ny) (no significant differences in the predicted deflection 
	should then be introduced). Similarly, making EET changes more gradual 
	should not change significantly the results. 


11.- CREDITS
	  TISC is a program developed between Sept. 1994 and Sept. 2005 by 
	Daniel Garcia-Castellanos.

	  Details on copyright are in the tisc/doc/ directory.

	  Please, contact the author if you are interested in using 
	the program.

	  When showing results of this program you should cite at least one of 
	the following references: 
	  Garcia-Castellanos, D., 2002. Interplay between lithospheric flexure
	and river transport in foreland basins. Basin Res. 14, 89-104.
	  Garcia-Castellanos, D., J. Verges, J.M. Gaspar-Escribano & S.
	Cloetingh, 2003. Interplay between tectonics, climate and fluvial
	transport during the Cenozoic evolution of the Ebro Basin (NE Iberia).
	J. Geophys. Res., 108 (B7), 2347, 10.1029/2002JB002073.


12.- FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions
	Q0. How can I manage to learn to use this code on my own?
	A0. After you first download it, follow instructions in tisc/doc/README
		file in order  to compile. Then go to tisc/demo and try the
		examples there to ensure that the code is working properly.
		Then read carefully tisc/doc/tisc.info.txt (this file) and 
		tisc/doc/template.PRM and try to experiment modifying the *.PRM
		files of the demos. Then learn how to build *.UNIT input files
		from the examples and using the explanations in
		tisc/doc/tisc.info.txt. Make sure you did all this before 
		contacting the author!
	Q1. I have compilation errors, is there a problem in the program?
	A1. I tried tao only in some UNIX operative systems such as Linux and
		Solaris (from SUN). Most probably you have a problem with the 
		compilation options or with the libraries. Try to ask help
		among your colleagues to succeed in the compilation.
	Q2. I compiled the program, but I never managed to run it, and  I
		always get 'segmentation fault' errors.
	A2. This probably means you have some incompatibility between some of
		the  functions called in tao and the ones available in the
		libraries of your operative  system. You have to edit the code
		and search for those problems.  You will need the help of
		someone around you who have experience  in programing and/or in
		compiling C programs. 
	Q3. Can you help me to solve the problems I have to run tao?
	A3. In general, I try to answer the questions you send by email, 
		but usually i cannot say much more than what you just read in
		this file. Unfortunately, I can not provide you a close
		technical  support on the compilation process, but this has a
		good side: you get this program for free. 
		Because my interests are in the scientific use of tisc and its 
		application to geological scenarios, I will be pleased to help
		you with any problem you have during the  development of a
		model and will be pleased to stablish a scientific colaboration.
	Q4. Flexural vertical movements sometimes occur at time steps when
		there is no tectonic deformation or any other user-defined
		load, why? The results show non-instantaneous flexural response
		of the lithosphere: a unit or load starts moving but no
		flexural response yet. Also at the last time steps the load has
		stopped moving but flexure continues after that.
	A4. For each time step, tao first calculates the deformation, then the
		erosion, and then the isostatic compensation. The postscript
		and file output are produced just before flexure, and therefore
		the flexural vertical movement is not shown until the next-
		time-step figure. TISC calculates the flexure 1 time step after 
		calculating movement. This means that in one time step it has 
		calculated deformation and in the next will show the effect of
		the associated subsidence. Note also that modifications of the 
		water column are compensated isostatically still one time step 
		later. You can reduce the effects of this by reducing dt as 
		much as you prefer. But think that this will slow down the run.
	ON THE DEFINITION OF TECTONIC UNITS:
	Q5. Is it possible to stop a fault and then reactivate it again?
	A5. You can stop a fault at a given time by using the time_stop parameter in
		the *.UNIT file.  To reactivate it, repeate the same fault geometry in
		another *.UNIT file with the velocity you wish.  Use tao -hu to get
		the possible parameters in every *.UNIT file. 



13.- GLOSSARY
	Hidden load
		  Flexural models in foreland basins have assumed that
		subsidence is due only to the weight of the topographic load
		(i.e., load is proportional to height). This assumption
		ignores other processes (subduction, lithospheric mantle
		thickening, plate interaction forces, etc.) leading to the
		need of additional loads to fit the observed deflection. These
		are refered in the literature as hidden loads. Stockmal &
		Beaumont (1986) suggested that one of the reasons for this
		could be the existence of a depth bathymetry before plate
		colission, which would produce important deflections even when
		topography was still not produced. tAo includes the posibility
		of introducing initial bathimetry/topography and therefore
		allows to avoid these source of hidden loads. If you still need
		an extra load to explain the deflection, then you have to define
		it as a file load with the 'hidden' label ('H') so that it will
		not increase topography. 

	Project
		  Group of input files corresponding to a work project. All 
		files must begin with same single word stored in the char 
		variable 'project'. 

	Switch
		  Variables names starting with 'switch_' correspond to
		Boolean type switches with values true or false (1 or 0) and 
		are used to turn on and off options of the model.

	switch_topoestable
		  This is a variable/parameter switch that strongly affects
		the conceptual model: When its value is 0 the load read
		from file will lay on the basement and will subside (deflect) 
		with it. When its value is 1 the read load will stay at zero
		level and the space between the deflected basement and the
		zero will be filled up with a constant density 'densinfill'.
		This second way is often used in the literature and strongly
		simplifies the modeling, but it avoids to consider the
		internal geometry of the orogen.

	Topographic load
		  This is a type of load (see load input file format) that,
		when loaded, remains on the top of the profile and neither it
		nor the whole profile subsides: only the basement, and the
		space created is filled with a 'densinfill' density material.
		See 'switch_topoestable' entry.

	Unit
		  A unit corresponds in the code with a loaded body (sediment,
		thrust, instantaneous load or whatever), with a density, velo-
		city, age and height profile associated. 
	
	Open/Endorheic lake
		  A lake that has larger water input discharge than the 
		evaporation at its surface and viceversa, respectively. 


14.- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	TISC has been developed mainly in the Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra
	Jaume Almera (Barcelona) and the Vrije Universiteit (Amsterdam), but
	stages at the Dalhousie University (Halifax, Canada) and the Australia
	National University (Canberra) have also been helpful. Most funding 
	comes from public research institutions. Feedback with users has been
	essential and special mention must be made  to: 
	Mihai Tarapoanca, Jorge M. Gaspar-Escribano, Juan Alvarez, Chiara 
	Barbieri, Jeroen Bartol.


15.- REFERENCES
  Works and people referred in this document and the source code (incomplete):
	Avouac, J.P. & E.B. Burov, 1996. Erosion as a driving mechanism of
		intracontinental mountain growth. J. Geophys. Res., 101, B8,
		17747-17769.
	Beaumont, C., P. Fullsack & J. Hamilton, 1992. Erosional control of
		active compressional orogens. In: McClay, K. R., ed., Thrust
		Tectonics, Chapman & Hall, London, p. 1-18.
	Braun, J. & M. Sambridge, 1997. Modelling landscape evolution on
		geological time scales: a new method based on irregular spatial
		discretization. Basin Research, 9, 27-52.
	Garcia-Castellanos, D., M. Fernandez & M. Torne, 1997. 
		Computers & Geosciences, 23 (9), 993-1003.
	Garcia-Castellanos, D., 2002. Interplay between lithospheric flexure
		and river transport in foreland basins. Basin Res. 14, 89-104.
	Garcia-Castellanos, D., J. Verges, J.M. Gaspar-Escribano & S.
		Cloetingh, 2003. Interplay between tectonics, climate and
		fluvial transport during the Cenozoic evolution of the Ebro
		Basin (NE Iberia). J. Geophys. Res., 108 (B7), 2347,
		10.1029/2002JB002073.
	Kooi, H. & C. Beaumont, 1994. Escarpment evolution on high-elevation
		rifted margins: insights derived from a surface processes model
		that combines diffusion, advection, and reaction. J. Geophys.
		Res., 99, 12191-12209.
	Kooi, H. & C. Beaumont, 1996. Large-scale geomorphology; classical
		concepts reconciled and integrated with contemporary ideas via
		a surface processes model. J. Geophys. Res. B, 101; 2,
		3361-3386.
	Nadai, A., 1963. Theory of flow and fracture of solids, vol 2, 
		705 pp., McGraw-Hill, New York.
	Tucker, G.E. & Slingerland, R.L., 1996, Predicting sediment flux from
		fold and thrust belts, Basin Res., 8, 329-349. 
	Tucker, G.E. & Slingerland, R.L., 1997, Drainage responses to climate
		change. Water Resources Research. 33, 8, 2031-2047.
	Turcotte, D.L. & G. Schubert, 1982. Geodynamics. John Wiley, 450 pp., 
		New York, 1982.
	Watts, A. B., 2001. Isostasy and Flexure of the Lithosphere. Publisher :
		Cambridge University Press. Pages : 458, Figures : 304, Tables :
		19.
	Wees, J.D. & Cloetingh, 1994. G.J.I., 117, 179-195.
	Wessel, P., & W. H. F. Smith, 1995. New version of the Generic Mapping 
		Tools released. EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. U., 76, pp. 329.
	Willgoose, G., R.L. Bras, & I. Rodriguez-Iturbe, 1991. A physically
		based coupled channel network growth and hillslope evolution
		model (3 sections), Water Resourc. Res., 27, 1671-1702. 


More information in the header of the main source code file 'tisc.c', descrip-
tion of variables use in file tisc.h.


END OF TISC INFORMATION FILE